{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:14:24Z","timestamp":1766182464817,"version":"3.37.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01462-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T08:08:51Z","timestamp":1739606931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Smartphone administered pulsed radio frequency energy therapy for expedited cutaneous wound healing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hongjia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2961-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoteng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuhuang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haoqiang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9458-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4359-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry Tao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.75","volume":"276","author":"P Martin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin, P. Wound healing\u2013aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science 276, 75\u201381 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411006","volume":"341","author":"AJ Singer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singer, A. J. & Clark, R. A. Cutaneous wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 738\u2013746 (1999).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2015.0635","volume":"4","author":"RG Frykberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frykberg, R. G. & Banks, J. Challenges in the treatment of chronic wounds. Adv. Wound Care 4, 560\u2013582 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"1462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz027","volume":"184","author":"DR Tribble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tribble, D. R. et al. After the battlefield: infectious complications among wounded warriors in the Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study. Mil. Med. 184, 18\u201325 (2019).","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"1462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118557","volume":"273","author":"C Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Photothermal-promoted multi-functional dual network polysaccharide hydrogel adhesive for infected and susceptible wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 273, 118557 (2021).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"1462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba4311","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba4311","volume":"6","author":"H Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Dissolved oxygen from microalgae-gel patch promotes chronic wound healing in diabetes. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba4311 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61793-6","volume":"372","author":"F Werdin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Werdin, F., Tenenhaus, M. & Rennekampff, H.-O. Chronic wound care. Lancet 372, 1860\u20131862 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04925","volume":"442","author":"M Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao, M. et al. Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-\u03b3 and PTEN. Nature 442, 457\u2013460 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04321","volume":"12","author":"D-W Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, D.-W. et al. Electrical neural stimulation and simultaneous in vivo monitoring with transparent graphene electrode arrays implanted in GCaMP6f mice. ACS Nano 12, 148\u2013157 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300494","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300494","volume":"6","author":"M Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu, M. et al. e-Bandage: exploiting smartphone as a therapeutic device for cutaneous wound treatment. Adv. Intell. Syst. 6, 2300494 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"1462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00076.x","volume":"6","author":"ER Cosman Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cosman Jr, E. R. & Cosman Sr, E. R. Electric and thermal field effects in tissue around radiofrequency electrodes. Pain Med. 6, 405\u2013424 (2005).","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"1462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2011.566775","volume":"30","author":"L Guo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo, L., Kubat, N. J. & Isenberg, R. A. Pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) use in human medical applications. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 30, 21\u201345 (2011).","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade4687","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade4687","volume":"9","author":"JW Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, J. W. et al. Bioresorbable, wireless, and battery-free system for electrotherapy and impedance sensing at wound sites. Sci. Adv. 9, eade4687 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01528-3","volume":"41","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing. Nat. Biotechnol. 41, 652\u2013662 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0442","volume":"3","author":"B Reid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reid, B. & Zhao, M. The electrical response to injury: molecular mechanisms and wound healing. Adv. Wound Care 3, 184\u2013201 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"1462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00751-y","volume":"14","author":"R Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, R., Zhang, H. & Guo, B. Conductive biomaterials as bioactive wound dressing for wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 1\u201346 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S127207","volume":"20","author":"J Hunckler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hunckler, J. & De Mel, A. A current affair: electrotherapy in wound healing. J. Multidiscip. Healthc. 20, 179\u2013194 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"1462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902673","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902673","volume":"7","author":"Q Pang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pang, Q. et al. Smart flexible electronics-integrated wound dressing for real-time monitoring and on-demand treatment of infected wounds. Adv. Sci. 7, 1902673 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519854905","volume":"47","author":"T Fu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu, T., Lineaweaver, W. C., Zhang, F. & Zhang, J. Role of shortwave and microwave diathermy in peripheral neuropathy. J. Int. Med. Res. 47, 3569\u20133579 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"1462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e937549","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.937549","volume":"23","author":"BM Ilfeld","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilfeld, B. M., Said, E. T., Abdullah, B. & Finneran Iv, J. J. Treating intractable postamputation pain with noninvasive, wearable, nonthermal, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy: a 12-patient case series. Am. J. Case Rep. 23, e937549\u2013937541 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"1462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00853.x","volume":"9","author":"IM Rawe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rawe, I. M. & Vlahovic, T. C. The use of a portable, wearable form of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic energy device for the healing of recalcitrant ulcers: a case report. Int. Wound J. 9, 253\u2013258 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"1462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702399","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702399","volume":"27","author":"P Mostafalu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mostafalu, P. et al. A textile dressing for temporal and dosage controlled drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702399 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"1462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12533","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07038","volume":"12","author":"Y Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Long, Y. et al. Effective wound healing enabled by discrete alternative electric fields from wearable nanogenerators. ACS Nano 12, 12533\u201312540 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy276","volume":"184","author":"KM Bogie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bogie, K. M. The modular adaptive electrotherapy delivery system (MAEDS): an electroceutical approach for effective treatment of wound infection and promotion of healing. Mil. Med. 184, 92\u201396 (2019).","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"1462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl8379","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl8379","volume":"8","author":"G Yao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yao, G. et al. A programmable and skin temperature\u2013activated electromechanical synergistic dressing for effective wound healing. Sci. Adv. 8, eabl8379 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41572-w","volume":"13","author":"P Baniya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baniya, P. et al. A system for bioelectronic delivery of treatment directed toward wound healing. Sci. Rep. 13, 14766 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303474","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303474","volume":"13","author":"X Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin, X. et al. Triboelectric-responsive drug delivery hydrogel for accelerating infected wound healing. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 13, 2303474 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"1462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100852","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202100852","volume":"31","author":"G Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, G. et al. Battery-free and wireless smart wound dressing for wound infection monitoring and electrically controlled on-demand drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2100852 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"1462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Loecker, W., Cheng, N. & Delport, P. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on membrane transport in Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine (eds. O\u2019Connor, M.E., Bentall, R.H.C., Monahan, J.C.) 45\u201357 (Springer, 1990).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3386-2_3"},{"key":"1462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, J. Biological effects of pulsed high peak power electromagnetic energy using diapulse in Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine (eds. O\u2019Connor, M.E., Bentall, R.H.C., Monahan, J.C.) 269 (Springer, 1990).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3386-2_16"},{"key":"1462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.205","volume":"2","author":"B Song","year":"2007","unstructured":"Song, B. et al. Application of direct current electric fields to cells and tissues in vitro and modulation of wound electric field in vivo. Nat. Protoc. 2, 1479\u20131489 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"1462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182827636","volume":"131","author":"H-K Kao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kao, H.-K. et al. Collagen synthesis modulated in wounds treated by pulsed radiofrequency energy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 131, 490e\u2013498e (2013).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"1462_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03450-8","volume":"47","author":"H Asci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asci, H. et al. Combined pulsed magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field enhances MMP-9, Collagen-4, VEGF synthesis to improve wound healing via Hif-1\u03b1\/eNOS pathway. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 47, 2841\u20132852 (2023).","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"1462_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247663","volume":"343","author":"MM Martino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martino, M. M. et al. Growth factors engineered for super-affinity to the extracellular matrix enhance tissue healing. Science 343, 885\u2013888 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116158","volume":"23","author":"AR Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez, A. R. et al. Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF): opening the biotechnological Pandora\u2019s box. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 6158 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017411","volume":"6","author":"AC Vieira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vieira, A. C. et al. Ionic components of electric current at rat corneal wounds. PLoS One 6, e17411 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1462_CR37","first-page":"59","volume":"8","author":"NJ Kubat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kubat, N. J., Moffett, J. & Fray, L. M. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field treatment on programmed resolution of inflammation pathway markers in human cells in culture. J. Inflamm. Res. 8, 59\u201369 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"1462_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.2400510401","volume":"51","author":"JL Phillips","year":"1993","unstructured":"Phillips, J. L. Effects of electromagnetic field exposure on gene transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 51, 381\u2013386 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"1462_CR39","first-page":"525","volume":"24","author":"S Jordan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jordan, S. et al. Pulsed radiofrequency in interventional pain management: cellular and molecular mechanisms of action\u2013an update and review. Pain Physician 24, 525 (2021).","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"1462_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191074","volume":"13","author":"HM Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi, H. M., Cheing, A. K., Ng, G. Y. & Cheing, G. L. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on the tensile biomechanical properties of diabetic wounds at different phases of healing. PLoS ONE 13, e0191074 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1462_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20567","volume":"31","author":"I Goudarzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goudarzi, I., Hajizadeh, S., Salmani, M. E. & Abrari, K. Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate wound healing in the skin of diabetic rats. Bioelectromagnetics 31, 318\u2013323 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"1462_CR42","first-page":"3322","volume":"15","author":"NA Abd Elrashid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abd Elrashid, N. A., Hamada, H. A., Abdelmoety, A. M., Soliman, G. & Abbas, R. Additional effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields to laser therapy on management of diabetic foot ulcer: a single blind randomized controlled trial. Biosci. Res. 15, 3322\u20133328 (2018).","journal-title":"Biosci. Res."},{"key":"1462_CR43","first-page":"e49","volume":"8","author":"EG Porreca","year":"2008","unstructured":"Porreca, E. G. & Giordano-Jablon, G. M. Treatment of severe (Stage III and IV) chronic pressure ulcers using pulsed radio frequency energy in a quadriplegic patient. Eplasty 8, e49 (2008).","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"1462_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182131bb5","volume":"127","author":"Q Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Pulsed radiofrequency energy accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 127, 2255\u20132262 (2011).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"1462_CR45","first-page":"71","volume":"174","author":"A Ginsberg","year":"1961","unstructured":"Ginsberg, A. Pulsed short wave in the treatment of bursitis with calcification. Int. Rec. Med. 174, 71\u201375 (1961).","journal-title":"Int. Rec. Med."},{"key":"1462_CR46","unstructured":"Al-Mandeel, M. M. & Watson, T. Pulsed and continuous shortwave therapy in Electrotherapy: evidence-based practice, Edn. 12th (ed. Waston, T.) 137\u2013178 (Elsevier, 2008)."},{"key":"1462_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13188","volume":"23","author":"BM Ilfeld","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ilfeld, B. M. et al. Wearable, noninvasive, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy for analgesia and opioid sparing following outpatient surgery: a proof-of-concept case series. Pain Practice 23, 553\u2013558 (2023).","journal-title":"Pain Practice"},{"key":"1462_CR48","first-page":"120","volume":"13","author":"N Bianchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bianchi, N. et al. Use of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic field (PRFE) therapy for pain management and wound healing in total knee and reverse shoulder prosthesis: randomized and double-blind study. EuroMediterranean Biomed. J. 13, 120\u2013126 (2018).","journal-title":"EuroMediterranean Biomed. J."},{"key":"1462_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2217\/14796694.2.1.111","volume":"2","author":"V Frenkel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frenkel, V. & Li, K. C. Potential role of pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound in gene therapy. Future Oncol. 2, 111\u2013119 (2006).","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"1462_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2854-8","volume":"47","author":"C Ojango","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ojango, C., Raguso, M., Fiori, R. & Masala, S. Pulse-dose radiofrequency treatment in pain management\u2014initial experience. Skeletal Radiol. 47, 609\u2013618 (2018).","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"1462_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2021.06.001","volume":"48","author":"I Tabakan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabakan, I., Yuvac\u0131, A. U., Ta\u015ftekin, B., \u00d6cal, I. & Pelit, A. The healing effect of pulsed magnetic field on burn wounds. Burns 48, 649\u2013653 (2022).","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"1462_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-011-9828-3","volume":"36","author":"IM Rawe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rawe, I. M., Lowenstein, A., Barcelo, C. R. & Genecov, D. G. Control of postoperative pain with a wearable continuously operating pulsed radiofrequency energy device: a preliminary study. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 36, 458\u2013463 (2012).","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"1462_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0478-y","volume":"34","author":"G Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, G. & Ceilley, R. Chronic wound healing: a review of current management and treatments. Adv. Ther. 34, 599\u2013610 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"1462_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52916\/jmrs204033","volume":"1","author":"C Luigi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luigi, C. & Tiziano, P. Mechanisms of action and effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) in medicine. J. Med. Res. Surg. 1, 1\u20134 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Res. Surg."},{"key":"1462_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00802-0","volume":"5","author":"V Kalidasan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalidasan, V. et al. Wirelessly operated bioelectronic sutures for the monitoring of deep surgical wounds. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 1217\u20131227 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"1462_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-022-01657-1","volume":"18","author":"TB Saw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saw, T. B. et al. Transepithelial potential difference governs epithelial homeostasis by electromechanics. Nat. Phys. 18, 1122\u20131128 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"1462_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12982","volume":"54","author":"H Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lv, H. et al. Magnetic fields as a potential therapy for diabetic wounds based on animal experiments and clinical trials. Cell Proliferation 54, e12982 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Proliferation"},{"key":"1462_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2012.01.005","volume":"51","author":"J Brook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brook, J., Dauphinee, D. M., Korpinen, J. & Rawe, I. M. Pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic field therapy: a potential novel treatment of plantar fasciitis. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 51, 312\u2013316 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"1462_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12241","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03391","volume":"88","author":"D-H Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi, D.-H., Kim, J. S., Cutting, G. R. & Searson, P. C. Wearable potentiometric chloride sweat sensor: the critical role of the salt bridge. Anal. Chem. 88, 12241\u201312247 (2016).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"1462_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1067-1927.2004.12404.x","volume":"12","author":"RD Galiano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Galiano, R. D. et al. Quantitative and reproducible murine model of excisional wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 12, 485\u2013492 (2004).","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"1462_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S164303","volume":"11","author":"RG Sorrell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sorrell, R. G., Muhlenfeld, J., Moffett, J., Stevens, G. & Kesten, S. Evaluation of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for the treatment of chronic postoperative pain following lumbar surgery: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. J. Pain Res. 11, 1209\u20131222 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"1462_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/15368370701580806","volume":"26","author":"MS Markov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Markov, M. S. Expanding use of pulsed electromagnetic field therapies. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 26, 257\u2013274 (2007).","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1462_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado7538","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado7538","volume":"10","author":"R Kaveti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaveti, R. et al. Water-powered, electronics-free dressings that electrically stimulate wounds for rapid wound closure. Sci. Adv. 10, eado7538 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1462_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316196","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202316196","volume":"34","author":"S Cho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho, S. et al. Wireless, battery-free, optoelectronic diagnostic sensor integrated colorimetric dressing for advanced wound care. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2316196 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"1462_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkenzeller, K. RFID handbook: fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards, radio frequency identification and near-field communication. (John Wiley & Sons, 2010).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470665121"},{"key":"1462_CR66","first-page":"568","volume":"38","author":"DW Seo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seo, D. W., Lee, J. H. & Lee, H. S. Study on two-coil and four-coil wireless power transfer systems using Z-parameter approach. ETRI J. 38, 568\u2013578 (2016).","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"1462_CR67","unstructured":"Johnson, C. R. Numerical Methods for Bioelectric Field Problems in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Edn. 2nd (ed. Bronzino, J. D.) 162\u2013180 (CRC, 1995)."},{"key":"1462_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S. & Melnik, R. in Computational Science\u2013ICCS 2019: 19th International Conference, Faro, Portugal, June 12\u201314, 2019, Proceedings, Part IV 19 436\u2013450 (Springer, 2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22747-0_33"},{"key":"1462_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.09.052","volume":"54","author":"J Fan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fan, J. & Wang, L. A general bioheat model at macroscale. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 54, 722\u2013726 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01462-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01462-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01462-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T08:11:07Z","timestamp":1739607067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01462-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-01462-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"103"}}