{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:03:21Z","timestamp":1784819001158,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01532-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T12:02:08Z","timestamp":1741867328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of computer aided detection system on esophageal neoplasm diagnosis in varied levels of endoscopists"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Yun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Min","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Peng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hon-Ho","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Lun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Shi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung, H. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209\u2013249 (2021).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"1532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.26","volume":"111","author":"MM Mwachiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mwachiro, M. M. et al. Esophageal Squamous Dysplasia is Common in Asymptomatic Kenyans: A Prospective, Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 111, 500\u2013507 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1347","volume":"22","author":"PR Taylor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taylor, P. R., Abnet, C. C. & Dawsey, S. M. Squamous dysplasia-the precursor lesion for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 22, 540\u2013552 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"1532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12025","volume":"25","author":"M Muto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muto, M. Endoscopic diagnostic strategy of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dig. Endosc. 25, 1\u20136 (2013).","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.041","volume":"154","author":"M di Pietro","year":"2018","unstructured":"di Pietro, M., Canto, M. I. & Fitzgerald, R. C. Endoscopic Management of Early Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus: Screening, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Gastroenterology 154, 421\u2013436 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1532_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.054","volume":"149","author":"S Ohashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohashi, S. et al. Recent Advances From Basic and Clinical Studies of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 149, 1700\u20131715 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1532_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14071","volume":"33","author":"WL Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, W. L. et al. A training program of a new simplified classification of magnified narrow band imaging for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 33, 1248\u20131255 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2009.01039.x","volume":"23","author":"R Ishihara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ishihara, R. et al. Prospective evaluation of narrow-band imaging endoscopy for screening of esophageal squamous mucosal high-grade neoplasia in experienced and less experienced endoscopists. Dis. Esophagus 23, 480\u2013486 (2010).","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"1532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326271","volume":"71","author":"E Uche-Anya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uche-Anya, E., Anyane-Yeboa, A., Berzin, T. M., Ghassemi, M. & May, F. P. Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology and hepatology: how to advance clinical practice while ensuring health equity. Gut 71, 1909\u20131915 (2022).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10561","volume":"328","author":"MA Reyna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reyna, M. A., Nsoesie, E. O. & Clifford, G. D. Rethinking Algorithm Performance Metrics for Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Medicine. JAMA 328, 329\u2013330 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.030","volume":"158","author":"AJ de Groof","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Groof, A. J. et al. Deep-Learning System Detects Neoplasia in Patients With Barrett\u2019s Esophagus With Higher Accuracy Than Endoscopists in a Multistep Training and Validation Study With Benchmarking. Gastroenterology 158, 915\u2013929 e914 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30637-0","volume":"20","author":"H Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo, H. et al. Real-time artificial intelligence for detection of upper gastrointestinal cancer by endoscopy: a multicentre, case-control, diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 20, 1645\u20131654 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"1532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.11.040","volume":"162","author":"P Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, P. & Hassan, C. Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning for Upper Gastrointestinal Neoplasia. Gastroenterology 162, 1056\u20131066 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.06.044","volume":"90","author":"SL Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai, S. L. et al. Using a deep learning system in endoscopy for screening of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (with video). Gastrointest. Endosc. 90, 745\u2013753 e742 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i3.281","volume":"27","author":"B Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Comparative study on artificial intelligence systems for detecting early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma between narrow-band and white-light imaging. World J. Gastroenterol. 27, 281\u2013293 (2021).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q. et al. Lesion-Decoupling-Based Segmentation With Large-Scale Colon and Esophageal Datasets for Early Cancer Diagnosis. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. (IEEE, 2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3248804"},{"key":"1532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.0423","volume":"33","author":"WQ Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei, W. Q. et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of a Community Assignment, One-Time Endoscopic Screening Study of Esophageal Cancer in China. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 1951\u20131957 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1224-6822","volume":"53","author":"M Gruner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gruner, M. et al. Narrow-band imaging versus Lugol chromoendoscopy for esophageal squamous cell cancer screening in normal endoscopic practice: randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 53, 674\u2013682 (2021).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000489490","volume":"98","author":"T Mizumoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mizumoto, T. et al. Magnifying Endoscopy with Narrow Band Imaging in Estimating the Invasion Depth of Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Digestion 98, 249\u2013256 (2018).","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"1532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.09.031","volume":"85","author":"AV Safatle-Ribeiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Safatle-Ribeiro, A. V. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in Lugol-unstained esophageal superficial lesions of patients with head and neck cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 85, 1195\u20131207 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.03.010","volume":"27","author":"M Shimizu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shimizu, M., Zaninotto, G., Nagata, K., Graham, D. Y. & Lauwers, G. Y. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with special reference to its early stage. Best. Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 27, 171\u2013186 (2013).","journal-title":"Best. Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618811477","volume":"7","author":"E Rodriguez de Santiago","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez de Santiago, E. et al. Rate of missed oesophageal cancer at routine endoscopy and survival outcomes: A multicentric cohort study. U. Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 7, 189\u2013198 (2019).","journal-title":"U. Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.013","volume":"7","author":"MY Chan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chan, M. Y., Cohen, H. & Spiegel, B. M. Fewer polyps detected by colonoscopy as the day progresses at a Veteran\u2019s Administration teaching hospital. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 1217\u20131223 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1201-7165","volume":"53","author":"I Barua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barua, I. et al. Artificial intelligence for polyp detection during colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 53, 277\u2013284 (2021).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1532_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00216-8","volume":"6","author":"L Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, L. et al. Effect of a deep learning-based system on the miss rate of gastric neoplasms during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a single-centre, tandem, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 700\u2013708 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317500","volume":"68","author":"P Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, P. et al. Real-time automatic detection system increases colonoscopic polyp and adenoma detection rates: a prospective randomised controlled study. Gut 68, 1813\u20131819 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1532_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.08.018","volume":"91","author":"L Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Real-time automated diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using a deep learning model (with videos). Gastrointest. Endosc. 91, 41\u201351 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319460","volume":"69","author":"A Ebigbo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebigbo, A. et al. Real-time use of artificial intelligence in the evaluation of cancer in Barrett\u2019s oesophagus. Gut 69, 615\u2013616 (2020).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13908","volume":"33","author":"XX Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, X. X. et al. Real-time artificial intelligence for endoscopic diagnosis of early esophageal squamous cell cancer (with video). Dig. Endosc. 33, 1075\u20131084 (2021).","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87405-6","volume":"11","author":"S Shiroma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiroma, S. et al. Ability of artificial intelligence to detect T1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from endoscopic videos and the effects of real-time assistance. Sci. Rep. 11, 7759 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15689","volume":"37","author":"XL Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan, X. L. et al. Artificial intelligence for detecting superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma under multiple endoscopic imaging modalities: A multicenter study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 37, 169\u2013178 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00433","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000433","volume":"13","author":"W Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Artificial Intelligence for Detecting and Delineating Margins of Early ESCC Under WLI Endoscopy. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 13, e00433 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.12.003","volume":"97","author":"XL Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, X. L. et al. Artificial intelligence for detecting and delineating the extent of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions under narrow-band imaging (with video). Gastrointest. Endosc. 97, 664\u2013672 e664 (2023).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00276-5","volume":"9","author":"XL Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, X. L. et al. Effect of an artificial intelligence-assisted system on endoscopic diagnosis of superficial oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions: a multicentre, tandem, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 34\u201344 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk5395","volume":"16","author":"SW Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, S. W. et al. Deep learning assists detection of esophageal cancer and precursor lesions in a prospective, randomized controlled study. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadk5395 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2298-y","volume":"44","author":"M Shimizu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shimizu, M., Nagata, K., Yamaguchi, H. & Kita, H. Squamous intraepithelial neoplasia of the esophagus: past, present, and future. J. Gastroenterol. 44, 103\u2013112 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2247415","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.47415","volume":"5","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Long-term Incidence Rates of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Chinese Patients With Low-grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Association of Surveillance Endoscopy With Incidence. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2247415 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1532_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000640","volume":"115","author":"WQ Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei, W. Q. et al. Esophageal Histological Precursor Lesions and Subsequent 8.5-Year Cancer Risk in a Population-Based Prospective Study in China. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 115, 1036\u20131044 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001064","volume":"116","author":"RAB Oude Nijhuis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oude Nijhuis, R. A. B. et al. Utility of Routine Esophageal Biopsies in Patients With Refractory Reflux Symptoms. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116, 816\u2013820 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1532_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14493","volume":"35","author":"L Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao, L. et al. Development and validation of an artificial intelligence-based system for predicting colorectal cancer invasion depth using multi-modal data. Dig. Endosc. 35, 625\u2013635 (2023).","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09353-0","volume":"36","author":"XL Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan, X. L. et al. Artificial intelligence for diagnosing microvessels of precancerous lesions and superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas: a multicenter study. Surg. Endosc. 36, 8651\u20138662 (2022).","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"1532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03247-9","volume":"22","author":"W Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, W. et al. Interpretable artificial intelligence-based app assists inexperienced radiologists in diagnosing biliary atresia from sonographic gallbladder images. BMC Med. 22, 29 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"1532_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0756-8754","volume":"51","author":"YY Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. Y. et al. Computer-assisted diagnosis of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy. Endoscopy 51, 333\u2013341 (2019).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1532_CR44","first-page":"491","volume":"44","author":"J He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, J. et al. [China guideline for the screening, early detection and early treatment of esophageal cancer (2022, Beijing)]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 44, 491\u2013522 (2022).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"1532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315520","volume":"68","author":"Z He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, Z. et al. Efficacy of endoscopic screening for esophageal cancer in China (ESECC): design and preliminary results of a population-based randomised controlled trial. Gut 68, 198\u2013206 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232","volume":"152","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., Moher, D. & Group, C. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann. Intern Med 152, 726\u2013732 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med"},{"key":"1532_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13975","volume":"76","author":"ID Nagtegaal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagtegaal, I. D. et al. The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology 76, 182\u2013188 (2020).","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1532_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08764-x","volume":"21","author":"C Niu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niu, C. et al. Risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its histological precursor lesions in China: a multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer 21, 1034 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01532-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01532-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01532-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T23:36:29Z","timestamp":1741908989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01532-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-01532-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}