{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T09:48:33Z","timestamp":1774604913302,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01702-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:07:43Z","timestamp":1747735663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A multivariate model incorporating subharmonic measurements for evaluating vocal roughness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Itsuki","family":"Kitayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyohito","family":"Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinobu","family":"Iwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misao","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Miyauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Aruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takanari","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Kishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Takenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Inohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1702_CR1","unstructured":"Hirano, M. Psyco-acoustic evaluation of voice. Clinical Examination of Voice 81\u201384 (Springer-Verlag, 1981)."},{"key":"1702_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3302.298","volume":"33","author":"L Eskenazi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eskenazi, L., Childers, D. G. & Hicks, D. M. Acoustic correlates of vocal quality. J. Speech Hear. Res. 33, 298\u2013306 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"1702_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1159\/000276864","volume":"58","author":"P Dejonckere","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dejonckere, P. & Lebacq, J. Acoustic, perceptual, aerodynamic and anatomical correlations in voice pathology. Orl. 58, 326\u2013332 (1996).","journal-title":"Orl."},{"key":"1702_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(97)80026-4","volume":"11","author":"MS DeBodt","year":"1997","unstructured":"DeBodt, M. S., Wuyts, F. L., VandeHeyning, P. H. & Croux, C. Test-retest study of the GRBAS scale: Influence of experience and professional background on perceptual rating of voice quality. J. Voice 11, 74\u201380 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000070726","volume":"55","author":"H Yamaguchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, H., Shrivastav, R., Andrews, M. L. & Niimi, S. A comparison of voice quality ratings made by Japanese and American listeners using the GRBAS scale. Folia Phoniatr. Logop. 55, 147\u2013157 (2003).","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"1702_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000263230","volume":"21","author":"N Isshiki","year":"1969","unstructured":"Isshiki, N., Okamura, H., Tanabe, M. & Morimoto, M. Differential diagnosis of hoarseness. Folia Phoniatr. Logop. 21, 9\u201319 (1969).","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"1702_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/08-0017)","volume":"18","author":"GB Kempster","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kempster, G. B., Gerratt, B. R., Abbott, K. V., Barkmeier-Kraemer, J. & Hillman, R. E. Consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice: development of a standardized clinical protocol. Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 18, 124\u2013132 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"1702_CR8","first-page":"341","volume":"5","author":"P Boersma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boersma, P. Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot. Int. 5, 341\u2013345 (2001).","journal-title":"Glot. Int."},{"key":"1702_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2008.12.014","volume":"24","author":"Y Maryn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maryn, Y., Corthals, P., Van Cauwenberge, P., Roy, N. & De Bodt, M. Toward improved ecological validity in the acoustic measurement of overall voice quality: combining continuous speech and sustained vowels. J. Voice 24, 540\u2013555 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2015.04.012","volume":"36","author":"B Barsties","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barsties, B. & Maryn, Y. The improvement of internal consistency of the Acoustic Voice Quality Index. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 36, 647\u2013656 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"1702_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489416636131","volume":"125","author":"B Barsties","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barsties, B. & Maryn, Y. External validation of the acoustic voice quality index version 03.01 with extended representativity. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 125, 571\u2013583 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"1702_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3109\/02699200903242988","volume":"23","author":"SN Awan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Awan, S. N., Roy, N. & Dromey, C. Estimating dysphonia severity in continuous speech: application of a multi-parameter spectral\/cepstral model. Clin. Linguist. Phonetics 23, 825\u2013841 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Linguist. Phonetics"},{"key":"1702_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2010.492446","volume":"24","author":"SN Awan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Awan, S. N., Roy, N., Jette, M. E., Meltzner, G. S. & Hillman, R. E. Quantifying dysphonia severity using a spectral\/cepstral-based acoustic index: Comparisons with auditory-perceptual judgements from the CAPE-V. Clin. Linguist. Phonetics 24, 742\u2013758 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Linguist. Phonetics"},{"key":"1702_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.11.017","volume":"31","author":"BBV Latoszek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Latoszek, B. B. V., Maryn, Y., Gerrits, T. & De Bodt, M. The acoustic breathiness index (ABI): a multivariate acoustic model for breathiness. J. Voice 31, 511.e11\u2013511.e27 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2017.04.017","volume":"32","author":"B van Latoszek","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Latoszek, B., De Bodt, M., Gerrits, E. & Maryn, Y. The EXploration of an Objective Model for Roughness with Several Acoustic Markers. J. Voice 32, 149\u2013161 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0188","volume":"61","author":"BV Latoszek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Latoszek, B. V., Maryn, Y., Gerrits, E. & De Bodt, M. A meta-analysis: acoustic measurement of roughness and breathiness. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 61, 298\u2013323 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"1702_CR17","unstructured":"Titze, I. Workshop on Acoustic Voice Analysis: Summary Statement. (National Center for Voice and Speech, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 1995)."},{"key":"1702_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(83)90063-8","volume":"2","author":"PH Dejonckere","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dejonckere, P. H. & Lebacq, J. An analysis of the diplophonia phenomenon. Speech Commun. 2, 47\u201356 (1983).","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"1702_CR19","unstructured":"Baken, R. J. Clinical Measurement of Speech and Voice (Taylor & Francis, 1987)."},{"key":"1702_CR20","first-page":"201","volume":"30","author":"E Terhardt","year":"1974","unstructured":"Terhardt, E. On the perception of periodic sound fluctuations (roughness). Acta Acust. 30, 201\u2013213 (1974).","journal-title":"Acta Acust."},{"key":"1702_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fastl, H. & Zwicker, E. Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models. 22 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2006).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68888-4"},{"key":"1702_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/000348946907800409","volume":"78","author":"PH Ward","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ward, P. H., Sanders, J. W., Goldman, R. & Moore, G. P. Lxvii diplophonia. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 78, 771\u2013777 (1969).","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"1702_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1406498","volume":"110","author":"J Neubauer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Neubauer, J., Mergell, P., Eysholdt, U. & Herzel, H. Patio-temporal analysis of irregular vocal fold oscillations: Biphonation due to desynchronization of spatial modes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 3179\u20133192 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"1702_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941011900703","volume":"119","author":"M Kimura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kimura, M. et al. Arytenoid adduction for correcting vocal fold asymmetry: high-speed imaging. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 119, 439\u2013446 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"1702_CR25","unstructured":"Berge, P. \u2019, Y. Pomeau and C. Vidal. Order within Chaos. (Wiley, New York, 1986)."},{"key":"1702_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glass, L. & Mackey, M. C. From Clocks to Chaos: the Rhythms of Life. (Princeton University Press, 1988).","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691221793"},{"key":"1702_CR27","unstructured":"Titze, I. Fluctuations and perturbations in vocal output. Principles Voice Production 209\u2013306 (Prentice Hall, 1994)."},{"key":"1702_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.171130","volume":"126","author":"IT Tokuda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tokuda, I. T. Non-linear dynamics in mammalian voice production. Anthropol. Sci. 126, 35\u201341 (2018).","journal-title":"Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"1702_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deliyski, D. D. Acoustic model and evaluation of pathological voice production. In Third European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology 1969\u20131972 (1993)","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1993-445"},{"key":"1702_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aichinger, P. et al. Towards objective voice assessment: the diplophonia diagram. J. Voice https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.06.021 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.06.021"},{"key":"1702_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2018.07.003","volume":"34","author":"SN Awan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Awan, S. N. & Awan, J. A. A two-stage cepstral analysis procedure for the classification of rough voices. J. Voice 34, 9\u201319 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitayama, I. et al. Validation of subharmonics quantification using two-stage cepstral analysis. J. Voice, published online (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2023.12.002"},{"key":"1702_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0034624","volume":"156","author":"I Kitayama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitayama, I. et al. Robust fundamental frequency-detection algorithm unaffected by the presence of hoarseness in the human voice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 156, 4217\u20134228 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"1702_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2012.08.005","volume":"27","author":"E Kramer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kramer, E., Linder, R. & Sch\u00f6nweiler, R. A study of subharmonics in connected speech material. J. Voice 27, 29\u201338 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-19-0077","volume":"62","author":"K Hosokawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosokawa, K. et al. Acoustic breathiness index for the Japanese-speaking population: validation study and exploration of affecting factors. J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res. 62, 2617\u20132631 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res."},{"key":"1702_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2017.10.003","volume":"33","author":"K Hosokawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosokawa, K. et al. The Acoustic Voice Quality Index Version 03.01 for the Japanese-speaking population. J. Voice 33, 125.e1\u2013125.e12 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2004.07.003","volume":"19","author":"DD Deliyski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deliyski, D. D., Shaw, H. S. & Evans, M. K. Adverse effects of environmental noise on acoustic voice quality measurements. J. Voice 19, 15\u201328 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1159\/000093184","volume":"58","author":"DD Deliyski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deliyski, D. D., Shaw, H. S. & Evans, M. K. Regression tree approach to studying factors influencing acoustic voice analysis. Folia Phoniatr. Logop. 58, 274\u2013288 (2006).","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"1702_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2018.09.021","volume":"34","author":"I Kitayama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kitayama, I. et al. Intertext variability of smoothed cepstral peak prominence, methods to control it, and its diagnostic properties. J. Voice 34, 305\u2013319 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"1702_CR40","unstructured":"Frey, L. R. et al. Investigating Communication: An Introduction to Research Methods. (1991)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01702-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01702-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01702-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1747735667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01702-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-01702-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. I.K., K.H., and H.I. have applied for a patent related to this work (patent applicant, The University of Osaka; names of inventors, Itsuki Kitayama, Kiyohito Hosokawa and Hidenori Inohara; application number, 2024-087318; status of application, substantive examination; specific aspect of paper covered in patent application, fundamental frequency estimation algorithm that is robust and unaffected by voice quality).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"295"}}