{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:49:59Z","timestamp":1780084199003,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01853-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T18:29:22Z","timestamp":1752776962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intelligent screening of narrow anterior chamber angle based on portable slit lamp"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xingru","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzheng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixin","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301189","volume":"96","author":"AC Day","year":"2012","unstructured":"Day, A. C., et al. The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in European-derived populations: a systematic review. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 96, 1162\u20131167 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.012","volume":"112","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T. et al. The Tajimi Study report 2: prevalence of primary angle closure and secondary glaucoma in a Japanese population. Ophthalmology 112, 1661\u20131669, (2005).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1853_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.624179","volume":"7","author":"N Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Wang, J., Chen, B., Li, Y. & Jiang, B. Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front. Med. 7, 624179. (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"1853_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103222","volume":"9","author":"JW Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng, J. W., Zong, Y., Zeng, Y. Y. & Wei, R. L. The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in adult Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 9, e103222, (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1853_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.12.038","volume":"119","author":"S Sawaguchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sawaguchi, S. et al. Prevalence of primary angle closure and primary angle-closure glaucoma in a southwestern rural population of Japan: the Kumejima Study. Ophthalmology 119, 1134\u20131142, (2012).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1853_CR6","first-page":"509","volume":"16","author":"D Gaton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaton, D. Screening for glaucoma. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 16, 509\u2013510 (2014).","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"1853_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11097-w","volume":"21","author":"X Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Xue, L., Ye, L., Li, H. & He, Y. Health care cost and benefits of artificial intelligence-assisted population-based glaucoma screening for the elderly in remote areas of China: a cost-offset analysis. BMC Public Health 21, 1065. (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1853_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e968","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30201-3","volume":"7","author":"J Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, J. et al. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of population-based glaucoma screening in China: a decision-analytic Markov model. Lancet Glob. Health 7, e968\u2013e978, (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"1853_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3280895aea","volume":"18","author":"N Gupta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gupta, N. & Y\u00fccel, Y. H. Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 18, 110\u2013114, (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1609-2","volume":"132","author":"BM Davis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davis, B. M., Crawley, L., Pahlitzsch, M., Javaid, F. & Cordeiro, M. F. Glaucoma: the retina and beyond. Acta Neuropathol. 132, 807\u2013826, (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1853_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.4.2.1","volume":"4","author":"R Susanna Jr.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Susanna, R. Jr., De Moraes, C. G., Cioffi, G. A. & Ritch, R. Why Do People (Still) Go Blind from Glaucoma?. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 4, 1, (2015).","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1853_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16257-0","volume":"363","author":"RN Weinreb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weinreb, R. N. & Khaw, P. T. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Lancet 363, 1711\u20131720, (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1853_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74580-5","volume":"109","author":"A Sommer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sommer, A. Automated perimetry, tonometry, and questionnaire in glaucoma screening. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 109, 362\u2013363, (1990).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.6290","volume":"327","author":"R Chou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chou, R. et al. Screening for glaucoma in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 327, 1998\u20132012, (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1853_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.48.4.191","volume":"48","author":"RF Lowe","year":"1964","unstructured":"Lowe, R. F. Primary angle-closure glaucoma. Family histories anterior chamber depths. Br. J. Ophthalmol.48, 191\u2013195, (1964).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmidl, D. How to perform gonioscopy and normal findings in the angle. Acta Ophthalmol. 102, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.16278 (2024).","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16278"},{"key":"1853_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.2.186","volume":"84","author":"PJ Foster","year":"2000","unstructured":"Foster, P. J. et al. Detection of gonioscopically occludable angles and primary angle closure glaucoma by estimation of limbal chamber depth in Asians: modified grading scheme. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84, 186\u2013192, (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-9294(10)60020-X","volume":"25","author":"Y Nuriyah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nuriyah, Y., Ren, X. T., Jiang, L., Liu, X. P. & Zou, Y. H. Comparison between ophthalmologists and community health workers in screening of shallow anterior chamber with oblique flashlight test. Chin. Med. Sci. J. 25, 50\u201352, (2010).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"1853_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.08.019","volume":"114","author":"M Baskaran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baskaran, M. et al. Comparison of the scanning peripheral anterior chamber depth analyzer and the modified van Herick grading system in the assessment of angle closure. Ophthalmology 114, 501\u2013506, (2007).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1853_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4171-x","volume":"257","author":"A Winegarner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winegarner, A. et al. Anterior segment Scheimpflug imaging for detecting primary angle closure disease. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 257, 161\u2013167, (2019).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.073","volume":"114","author":"WP Nolan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nolan, W. P. et al. Detection of primary angle closure using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in Asian eyes. Ophthalmology 114, 33\u201339, (2007).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1853_CR22","first-page":"Cd012947","volume":"5","author":"A Jindal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jindal, A., Ctori, I., Virgili, G., Lucenteforte, E. & Lawrenson, J. G. Non-contact tests for identifying people at risk of primary angle closure glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 5, Cd012947, (2020).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1853_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120977346","volume":"31","author":"D Mirzania","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirzania, D., Thompson, A. C. & Muir, K. W. Applications of deep learning in detection of glaucoma: a systematic review. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 31, 1618\u20131642 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.42","volume":"9","author":"AC Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson, A. C., Jammal, A. A. & Medeiros, F. A. A review of deep learning for screening, diagnosis, and detection of glaucoma progression. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 9, 42\u201342 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1853_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.10.007","volume":"198","author":"R Asaoka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asaoka, R. et al. Using deep learning and transfer learning to accurately diagnose early-onset glaucoma from macular optical coherence tomography images. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 198, 136\u2013145 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1853_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.2.23","volume":"12","author":"AH Thi\u00e9ry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thi\u00e9ry, A. H., Braeu, F., Tun, T. A., Aung, T. & Girard, M. J. Medical application of geometric deep learning for the diagnosis of glaucoma. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 12, 23\u201323 (2023).","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1853_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.5.11","volume":"11","author":"E Noury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noury, E. et al. Deep learning for glaucoma detection and identification of novel diagnostic areas in diverse real-world datasets. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 11, 11\u201311 (2022).","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1853_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.465286","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, Q. et al. Deep learning-based classification of the anterior chamber angle in glaucoma gonioscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express 13, 4668\u20134683 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"1853_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Machine learning-guided prediction of central anterior chamber depth using slit lamp images from a portable smartphone device. Biosensors 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios11060182. (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11060182"},{"key":"1853_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P. & Brox, T. in Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention. In Proc. 18th International Conference Munich, Germany, October 5\u20139MICCAI 2015: part III 18. 234\u2013241 (Springer, 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"1853_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Shi, J., Qi, X., Wang, X. & Jia, J. Pyramid scene parsing network. In Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2881\u20132890 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.660"},{"key":"1853_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, J., Shelhamer, E. & Darrell, T. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 3431\u20133440 (IEEE, 2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"1853_CR33","unstructured":"Bottou, L. in Proceedings of COMPSTAT'2010: 19th International Conference on Computational Statistics, Paris, France, August 22\u201327 Keynote, Invited and Contributed Papers. 177\u2013186 (Springer, 2010)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01853-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01853-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01853-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T13:13:04Z","timestamp":1757250784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01853-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-01853-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"449"}}