{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T22:15:21Z","timestamp":1773440121750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2022-YQ-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-YQ-07"]}]},{"name":"The National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2023YFC2507500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2507500"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Liaoning Province","award":["2022JH2\/101500032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JH2\/101500032"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research Funding of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command","award":["ZZKY2024018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZKY2024018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01883-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T20:24:15Z","timestamp":1753993455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Machine learning based CAGIB score predicts in-hospital mortality of cirrhotic patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Su","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana Barros","family":"Marcondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yiling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yingli","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cyriac Abby","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kanokwan","family":"Pinyopornpanish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nahum","family":"M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Basaranoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yunhai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Tacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fanpu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xingshun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC17","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202202150","volume":"175","author":"JL Tokar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tokar, J. L. & Higa, J. T. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann. Intern Med. 175, ITC17\u2013ITC32 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"1883_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.022","volume":"76","author":"R de Franchis","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Franchis, R. et al. Baveno VII - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J. Hepatol. 76, 959\u2013974 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1883_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l536","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l536","volume":"364","author":"AJ Stanley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stanley, A. J. & Laine, L. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ 364, l536 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1883_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628482211017","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221101712","volume":"15","author":"MP Diaz-Soto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diaz-Soto, M. P. & Garcia-Tsao, G. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in liver cirrhosis: a recent update. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 15, 17562848221101712 (2022).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1883_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5997","volume":"329","author":"EB Tapper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tapper, E. B. & Parikh, N. D. Diagnosis and Management of Cirrhosis and Its Complications: A Review. JAMA 329, 1589\u20131602 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1883_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0901512","volume":"362","author":"G Garcia-Tsao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garcia-Tsao, G. & Bosch, J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med 362, 823\u2013832 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1883_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01083-5","volume":"36","author":"Z Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai, Z. et al. Development and Validation of CAGIB Score for Evaluating the Prognosis of Cirrhosis with Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Adv. Ther. 36, 3211\u20133220 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"1883_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7372868","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7372868","volume":"2020","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. The Prognosis Analysis of Liver Cirrhosis with Acute Variceal Bleeding and Validation of Current Prognostic Models: A Large Scale Retrospective Cohort Study. Biomed. Res Int 2020, 7372868 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res Int"},{"key":"1883_CR9","first-page":"55","volume":"28","author":"Q He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, Q., Yu, B. & Xiao, Y. Risk factors of rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with esophageal gastric variceal bleeding after endoscopic treatment. Chin. Hepatolgy 28, 55\u201360 (2023).","journal-title":"Chin. Hepatolgy"},{"key":"1883_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101086","volume":"28","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Development and validation of a practical prognostic nomogram for evaluating inpatient mortality of cirrhotic patients with acute variceal hemorrhage. Ann. Hepatol. 28, 101086 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"1883_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302038","volume":"388","author":"CJ Haug","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haug, C. J. & Drazen, J. M. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Clinical Medicine, 2023. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 1201\u20131208 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1883_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02781-5","volume":"41","author":"F Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, F. et al. Artificial intelligence in liver diseases: Recent advances. Adv. Ther. 41, 967\u2013990 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"1883_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31603","volume":"73","author":"JC Ahn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahn, J. C., Connell, A., Simonetto, D. A., Hughes, C. & Shah, V. H. Application of artificial intelligence for the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases. Hepatology 73, 2546\u20132563 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1883_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21695","volume":"46","author":"H Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huang, H. et al. A 7 gene signature identifies the risk of developing cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 46, 297\u2013306 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1883_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00270-3","volume":"4","author":"SS Sarvestany","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarvestany, S. S. et al. Development and validation of an ensemble machine learning framework for detection of all-cause advanced hepatic fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Digit Health 4, e188\u2013e199 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"1883_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102419","volume":"68","author":"F Rui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rui, F. et al. Development of a machine learning-based model to predict hepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis B patients with concurrent hepatic steatosis: a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 68, 102419 (2024).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1883_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rui, F. et al. Machine learning-based models for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis diagnosis in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic steatosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 22, 2250-2260 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.014"},{"key":"1883_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1756648","volume":"122","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Impact of asymptomatic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis on the outcomes of patients with liver cirrhosis. Thromb. Haemost. 122, 2019\u20132029 (2022).","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"1883_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Z. et al. Effects of short-term human albumin infusion for the prevention and treatment of hyponatremia in patients with liver cirrhosis. J. Clin. Med. 12, 107 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010107"},{"key":"1883_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.09.009","volume":"158","author":"DL Shung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shung, D. L. et al. Validation of a machine learning model that outperforms clinical risk scoring systems for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 158, 160\u2013167 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1883_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1310006","volume":"44","author":"S Nahon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nahon, S. et al. Epidemiological and prognostic factors involved in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Results of a French prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 44, 998\u20131008 (2012).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1883_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228437","volume":"60","author":"SA Hearnshaw","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hearnshaw, S. A. et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut 60, 1327\u20131335 (2011).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1883_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.018","volume":"146","author":"E Reverter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reverter, E. et al. A MELD-based model to determine risk of mortality among patients with acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 146, 412\u2013419.e413 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1883_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.09.027","volume":"81","author":"MS Abougergi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abougergi, M. S., Travis, A. C. & Saltzman, J. R. The in-hospital mortality rate for upper GI hemorrhage has decreased over 2 decades in the United States: a nationwide analysis. Gastrointest. Endosc. 81, 882\u2013888.e881 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"1883_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.03.012","volume":"17","author":"SS Jakab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jakab, S. S. & Garcia-Tsao, G. Screening and Surveillance of Varices in Patients With Cirrhosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 26\u201329 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1883_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12721","volume":"39","author":"G D\u2019Amico","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico, G. et al. Competing risks and prognostic stages of cirrhosis: a 25-year inception cohort study of 494 patients. Aliment Pharm. Ther. 39, 1180\u20131193 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"1883_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00007","volume":"123","author":"L Laine","year":"1995","unstructured":"Laine, L. & Cook, D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis. Ann. Intern Med 123, 280\u2013287 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med"},{"key":"1883_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","volume":"16","author":"SK Sarin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarin, S. K., Lahoti, D., Saxena, S. P., Murthy, N. S. & Makwana, U. K. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 16, 1343\u20131349 (1992).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1883_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309262","volume":"64","author":"D Tripathi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tripathi, D. et al. U.K. guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut 64, 1680\u20131704 (2015).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1883_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24116","volume":"33","author":"GH Lo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lo, G. H., Lai, K. H., Cheng, J. S., Chen, M. H. & Chiang, H. T. A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology 33, 1060\u20131064 (2001).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1883_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.095","volume":"159","author":"DK Mullady","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mullady, D. K., Wang, A. Y. & Waschke, K. A. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Endoscopic Therapies for Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Expert Review. Gastroenterology 159, 1120\u20131128 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1883_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13674","volume":"33","author":"LHS Lau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lau, L. H. S. & Sung, J. J. Y. Treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 2020: New techniques and outcomes. Dig. Endosc. 33, 83\u201394 (2021).","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"1883_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2018.5","volume":"113","author":"L Laine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laine, L. et al. Severity and outcomes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with bloody vs. coffee-grounds hematemesis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113, 358\u2013366 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1883_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001524","volume":"31","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Effect of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding manifestations at admission on the in-hospital outcomes of liver cirrhosis: Hematemesis versus melena without hematemesis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 31, 1334\u20131341 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1883_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000202","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000202","volume":"1","author":"J Orpen-Palmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orpen-Palmer, J. & Stanley, A. J. Update on the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ Med 1, e000202 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"1883_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)05099-X","volume":"350","author":"A Avgerinos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Avgerinos, A., Nevens, F., Raptis, S. & Fevery, J. Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute oesophageal variceal bleeds: the European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes (ABOVE) randomised trial. Lancet 350, 1495\u20131499 (1997).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1883_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","volume":"346","author":"S Levacher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levacher, S. et al. Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Lancet 346, 865\u2013868 (1995).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1883_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90146-9","volume":"108","author":"B Bernard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bernard, B. et al. Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 108, 1828\u20131834 (1995).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1883_CR39","first-page":"CD002907","volume":"2010","author":"NC Chavez-Tapia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chavez-Tapia, N. C., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Tellez-Avila, F. I., Soares-Weiser, K. & Uribe, M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, CD002907 (2010).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1883_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.3.316","volume":"38","author":"TA Rockall","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rockall, T. A., Logan, R. F., Devlin, H. B. & Northfield, T. C. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut 38, 316\u2013321 (1996).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1883_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7107.510","volume":"315","author":"O Blatchford","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blatchford, O., Davidson, L. A., Murray, W. R., Blatchford, M. & Pell, J. Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in west of Scotland: Case ascertainment study. BMJ 315, 510\u2013514 (1997).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1883_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.06.024","volume":"74","author":"JR Saltzman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saltzman, J. R. et al. A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest. Endosc. 74, 1215\u20131224 (2011).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"1883_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39339.610000.BE","volume":"335","author":"MD Goodyear","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goodyear, M. D., Krleza-Jeric, K. & Lemmens, T. The Declaration of Helsinki. BMJ 335, 624\u2013625 (2007).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1883_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y. et al. Impact of peptic ulcer bleeding on the in-hospital outcomes of cirrhotic patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding: An international multicenter study. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol 18, 473-483 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2024.2387823"},{"key":"1883_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628482413069","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848241306934","volume":"18","author":"Y He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He, Y. et al. Impact of thrombocytopenia on failure of endoscopic variceal treatment in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 18, 17562848241306934 (2025).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1883_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100785","volume":"5","author":"Z Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai, Z. et al. Use of albumin infusion for cirrhosis-related complications: An international position statement. JHEP Rep. 5, 100785 (2023).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"1883_CR47","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"CG Child","year":"1964","unstructured":"Child, C. G. & Turcotte, J. G. Surgery and portal hypertension. Major Probl. Clin. Surg. 1, 1\u201385 (1964).","journal-title":"Major Probl. Clin. Surg."},{"key":"1883_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800600817","volume":"60","author":"RN Pugh","year":"1973","unstructured":"Pugh, R. N., Murray-Lyon, I. M., Dawson, J. L., Pietroni, M. C. & Williams, R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br. J. Surg. 60, 646\u2013649 (1973).","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"1883_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801209","volume":"359","author":"WR Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, W. R. et al. Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N. Engl. J. Med 359, 1018\u20131026 (2008).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1883_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.050","volume":"161","author":"WR Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, W. R. et al. MELD 3.0: The model for end-stage liver disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology 161, 1887\u20131895.e1884 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1883_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50385","volume":"38","author":"G D\u2019Amico","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico, G., De Franchis, R. & Cooperative Study, G. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 38, 599\u2013612 (2003).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1883_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.173","volume":"106","author":"S Augustin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Augustin, S. et al. Effectiveness of combined pharmacologic and ligation therapy in high-risk patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106, 1787\u20131795 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1883_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541365","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3541365","volume":"2018","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Effect of admission time on the outcomes of liver cirrhosis with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Regular hours versus off-hours admission. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 3541365 (2018).","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1883_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.004","volume":"53","author":"R de Franchis","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Franchis, R. & Baveno, V. F. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J. Hepatol. 53, 762\u2013768 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1883_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218814556","volume":"28","author":"MP Perme","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perme, M. P. & Manevski, D. Confidence intervals for the Mann-Whitney test. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 28, 3755\u20133768 (2019).","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"1883_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.018","volume":"23","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2013","unstructured":"McHugh, M. L. The chi-square test of independence. Biochem Med. (Zagreb) 23, 143\u2013149 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochem Med. (Zagreb)"},{"key":"1883_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e853","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00188-1","volume":"4","author":"AAH de Hond","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Hond, A. A. H., Steyerberg, E. W. & van Calster, B. Interpreting area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Lancet Digit Health 4, e853\u2013e855 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"1883_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong, E. R., DeLong, D. M. & Clarke-Pearson, D. L. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 44, 837\u2013845 (1988).","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"1883_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(94)90089-2","volume":"77","author":"SK Rogers","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rogers, S. K., Ruck, D. W. & Kabrisky, M. Artificial neural networks for early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Cancer Lett. 77, 79\u201383 (1994).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"1883_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.03.37","volume":"4","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. Introduction to machine learning: k-nearest neighbors. Ann. Transl. Med 4, 218 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med"},{"key":"1883_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.668182","volume":"7","author":"F Hammann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hammann, F. & Drewe, J. Decision tree models for data mining in hit discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 7, 341\u2013352 (2012).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1883_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J. & Szymczak, S. A review on longitudinal data analysis with random forest. Brief Bioinform 24, bbad002 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbad002"},{"key":"1883_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246306","volume":"16","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Predicting mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in the ICU using XGBoost model. PLoS One 16, e0246306 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1883_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102497","volume":"136","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, X., Dong, X., Zhang, L., Chen, J. & Wang, C. Least squares support vector regression for complex censored data. Artif. Intell. Med. 136, 102497 (2023).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"1883_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.171","volume":"76","author":"G Tripepi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tripepi, G., Jager, K. J., Dekker, F. W. & Zoccali, C. Diagnostic methods 2: receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Kidney Int. 76, 252\u2013256 (2009).","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1883_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3414\/ME14-04-0003","volume":"54","author":"G Hughes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hughes, G. Youden\u2019s index and the weight of evidence. Methods Inf. Med. 54, 198\u2013199 (2015).","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"1883_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0587-9","volume":"18","author":"M Biais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biais, M. et al. Clinical relevance of pulse pressure variations for predicting fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients: the grey zone approach. Crit. Care 18, 587 (2014).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"1883_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318225b80a","volume":"115","author":"M Cannesson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cannesson, M. et al. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variations for the prediction of fluid responsiveness: a \u201cgray zone\u201d approach. Anesthesiology 115, 231\u2013241 (2011).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1883_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181d47604","volume":"112","author":"P Ray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ray, P., Le Manach, Y., Riou, B. & Houle, T. T. Statistical evaluation of a biomarker. Anesthesiology 112, 1023\u20131040 (2010).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1883_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361","volume":"26","author":"AJ Vickers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vickers, A. J. & Elkin, E. B. Decision curve analysis: A novel method for evaluating prediction models. Med Decis. Mak. 26, 565\u2013574 (2006).","journal-title":"Med Decis. Mak."},{"key":"1883_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.65.5654","volume":"34","author":"KF Kerr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerr, K. F., Brown, M. D., Zhu, K. & Janes, H. Assessing the clinical impact of risk prediction models with decision curves: Guidance for correct interpretation and appropriate use. J. Clin. Oncol. 34, 2534\u20132540 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1883_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2","volume":"21","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steyerberg, E. W. et al. Assessing the performance of prediction models: a framework for traditional and novel measures. Epidemiology 21, 128\u2013138 (2010).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01883-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01883-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01883-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:22:46Z","timestamp":1757330566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-01883-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-01883-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"489"}}