{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:23:38Z","timestamp":1765808618224,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["162006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Synapsy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our understanding of the interplay between positive and negative psychosis symptoms is constrained by reliance on retrospective assessments, which fail to capture dynamic, short-term symptom-context interactions. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) offers real-time symptom tracking in naturalistic settings, but its validity and clinical utility remain uncertain. We address this using a recently developed Behavioral-Tractography approach in individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, a high-risk group for psychosis. Through Network-Dimensionality-Reduction, we found that dynamic EMA patterns closely mirror positive\/negative symptom structure derived from gold-standard interviews, suggesting shared latent mechanisms across and within individuals and validating EMA\u2019s assessment of dynamic psychosis symptom processes. Behavioral-Tractography provided informative dissection of symptom interactions\u2014particularly between psychotic symptoms and motivational deficits\u2014modulated by psychosis severity and distinguishing predominantly positive vs. negative profiles. Vulnerability to psychological consequences varied independently of average symptom intensity, supporting the added value of EMA and Behavioral-Tractography for complementing clinical assessments and offering a novel lens on psychosis pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02128-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T18:17:28Z","timestamp":1764267448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shedding light on the dynamic interplay of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis with Behavioral Tractography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Imparato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ilen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Eliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Graser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maude","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Sandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2128_CR1","volume":"1","author":"RS Kahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kahn, R. S. et al. Schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 1, 15067 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"2128_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.05.028","volume":"150","author":"R Tandon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tandon, R. et al. Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5. Schizophr. Res. 150, 3\u201310 (2013).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00904-0","volume":"20","author":"OD Howes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Howes, O. D., Bukala, B. R. & Beck, K. Schizophrenia: from neurochemistry to circuits, symptoms and treatments. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 20, 22\u201335 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"2128_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.04.046","volume":"186","author":"S Galderisi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galderisi, S., Farden, A. & Kaiser, S. Dissecting negative symptoms of schizophrenia: History, assessment, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment. Schizophr. Res. 186, 1\u20132 (2017).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.03.008","volume":"24","author":"MJ Millan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Millan, M. J., Fone, K., Steckler, T. & Horan, W. P. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical characteristics, pathophysiological substrates, experimental models and prospects for improved treatment. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 24, 645\u2013692 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"2128_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149785","volume":"11","author":"AP Stiekema","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stiekema, A. P. et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and differential relationships of the two subdomains of negative symptoms in chronically ill psychotic patients. PloS ONE 11, e0149785 (2016).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2128_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-015-0590-4","volume":"265","author":"S Galderisi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galderisi, S., Merlotti, E. & Mucci, A. Neurobiological background of negative symptoms. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 265, 543\u2013558 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"2128_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/11.3.440","volume":"11","author":"WT Carpenter Jr","year":"1985","unstructured":"Carpenter, W. T. Jr, Heinrichs, D. W. & Alphs, L. D. Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophr. Bull. 11, 440\u2013452 (1985).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"2128_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.003","volume":"186","author":"M Kirschner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirschner, M., Aleman, A. & Kaiser, S. Secondary negative symptoms - A review of mechanisms, assessment and treatment. Schizophr. Res. 186, 29\u201338 (2017).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.12.004","volume":"42","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCutcheon, R. A., Abi-Dargham, A. & Howes, O. D. Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: from biology to symptoms. Trends Neurosci. 42, 205\u2013220 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2128_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt090","volume":"39","author":"H Takeuchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H. et al. Effects of risperidone and olanzapine dose reduction on cognitive function in stable patients with schizophrenia: an open-label, randomized, controlled, pilot study. Schizophr. Bull. 39, 993\u2013998 (2013).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"2128_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.07.010","volume":"258","author":"SR Marder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marder, S. R. & Umbricht, D. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: newly emerging measurements, pathways, and treatments. Schizophr. Res. 258, 71\u201377 (2023).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.68","volume":"223","author":"B Kirkpatrick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, B., Luther, L. & Strauss, G. P. Negative symptoms in the clinic: we treat what we can describe. Br. J. psychiatry 223, 271\u2013272 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. J. psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sgad001","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgad001","volume":"4","author":"DG Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel, D. G. et al. Remote assessment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. Open 4, sgad001 (2023).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull. Open"},{"key":"2128_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004947","volume":"39","author":"I Myin-Germeys","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myin-Germeys, I. et al. Experience sampling research in psychopathology: opening the black box of daily life. Psychol. Med. 39, 1533\u20131547 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"2128_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20046","volume":"12","author":"J van Os","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Os, J., Delespaul, P., Wigman, J., Myin-Germeys, I. & Wichers, M. Beyond DSM and ICD: introducing \u201cprecision diagnosis\u201d for psychiatry using momentary assessment technology. World Psychiatry 12, 113\u2013117 (2013).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.12.1137","volume":"58","author":"I Myin-Germeys","year":"2001","unstructured":"Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., Schwartz, J. E., Stone, A. A. & Delespaul, P. A. Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58, 1137\u20131144 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr166","volume":"38","author":"M Oorschot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oorschot, M., Lataster, T., Thewissen, V., Wichers, M. & Myin-Germeys, I. Mobile assessment in schizophrenia: a data-driven momentary approach. Schizophr. Bull. 38, 405\u2013413 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"2128_CR19","volume":"33","author":"V Bell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bell, V. et al. Do loneliness and social exclusion breed paranoia? An experience sampling investigation across the psychosis continuum. Schizophr. Res. Cogn. 33, 100282 (2023).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"key":"2128_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.02.037","volume":"161","author":"L Luther","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luther, L., Raugh, I. M., Collins, D. E., Knippenberg, A. R. & Strauss, G. P. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia differ across environmental contexts in daily life. J. Psychiatr. Res. 161, 10\u201318 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01623-9","volume":"273","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strauss, G. P., Zamani-Esfahlani, F., Raugh, I. M., Luther, L. & Sayama, H. Network analysis of discrete emotional states measured via ecological momentary assessment in schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 273, 1863\u20131871 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"2128_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001393","volume":"53","author":"L Luther","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luther, L. et al. Environmental context predicts state fluctuations in negative symptoms in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychol. Med. 53, 7609\u20137618 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"2128_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30309","DOI":"10.2196\/30309","volume":"8","author":"I Paetzold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paetzold, I. et al. Momentary manifestations of negative symptoms as predictors of clinical outcomes in people at high risk for psychosis: experience sampling study. JMIR Ment. Health 8, e30309 (2021).","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"2128_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001154","volume":"51","author":"K Hermans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hermans, K. et al. Elucidating negative symptoms in the daily life of individuals in the early stages of psychosis. Psychol. Med. 51, 2599\u20132609 (2021).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"2128_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20513","volume":"17","author":"I Myin-Germeys","year":"2018","unstructured":"Myin-Germeys, I. et al. Experience sampling methodology in mental health research: new insights and technical developments. World Psychiatry 17, 123\u2013132 (2018).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000076451","volume":"73","author":"GA Fava","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fava, G. A., Ruini, C. & Rafanelli, C. Psychometric theory is an obstacle to the progress of clinical research. Psychother. Psychosom. 73, 145\u2013148 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"2128_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116648209","volume":"23","author":"AM Beltz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beltz, A. M., Wright, A. G., Sprague, B. N. & Molenaar, P. C. Bridging the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to the analysis of clinical data. Assessment 23, 447\u2013458 (2016).","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2128_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01619.x","volume":"18","author":"PCM Molenaar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Molenaar, P. C. M. & Campbell, C. G. The new person-specific paradigm in psychology. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 18, 112\u2013117 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"2128_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30108","volume":"6","author":"G Alanis-Lobato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alanis-Lobato, G., Mier, P. & Andrade-Navarro, M. A. Efficient embedding of complex networks to hyperbolic space via their Laplacian. Sci. Rep. 6, 30108 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2128_CR30","volume":"1","author":"DM McDonald-McGinn","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonald-McGinn, D. M. et al. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 1, 15071 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"2128_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070864","volume":"171","author":"M Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider, M. et al. Psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: results from the International Consortium on Brain and Behavior in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 171, 627\u2013639 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sandini, C. et al. More than the sum of their parts: a Behavioral Tractography analysis of distress wellbeing and context reveals dynamic signatures of psychosis and autism. Preprint at medRxiv, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.07.09.25330999 (2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.09.25330999"},{"key":"2128_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.12.012","volume":"125","author":"MA Thornton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thornton, M. A. & Tamir, D. I. People represent mental states in terms of rationality, social impact, and valence: validating the 3D Mind Model. Cortex 125, 44\u201359 (2020).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2128_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1431-18.2018","volume":"39","author":"MA Thornton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thornton, M. A., Weaverdyck, M. E. & Tamir, D. I. The social brain automatically predicts others\u2019 future mental states. J. Neurosci. 39, 140\u2013148 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2128_CR35","volume":"10","author":"MA Thornton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thornton, M. A., Weaverdyck, M. E. & Tamir, D. I. The brain represents people as the mental states they habitually experience. Nat. Commun. 10, 2291 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2128_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5982","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616056114","volume":"114","author":"MA Thornton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thornton, M. A. & Tamir, D. I. Mental models accurately predict emotion transitions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 5982\u20135987 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2128_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.12.005","volume":"22","author":"DI Tamir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tamir, D. I. & Thornton, M. A. Modeling the predictive social mind. Trends Cogn. Sci. 22, 201\u2013212 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2128_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.036","volume":"131","author":"S Pisani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pisani, S. et al. The relationship between alexithymia and theory of mind: a systematic review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 131, 497\u2013524 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"2128_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.04.020","volume":"139","author":"M Armando","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armando, M. et al. Adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis with and without 22q11 deletion syndrome: a comparison of prodromal psychotic symptoms and general functioning. Schizophr. Res. 139, 151\u2013156 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.10.014","volume":"206","author":"M Schneider","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schneider, M. et al. Prevalence, course and psychosis-predictive value of negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr. Res. 206, 386\u2013393 (2019).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR41","unstructured":"Sandini, C. et al. Characterization and prediction of clinical pathways of vulnerability to psychosis through graph signal processing. Elife 10, e59811 (2021)."},{"key":"2128_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.08.017","volume":"196","author":"M Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider, M. et al. Preliminary structure and predictive value of attenuated negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 196, 277\u2013284 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"2128_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.10.010","volume":"48","author":"M Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider, M. et al. Predominant negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and their associations with cognitive functioning and functional outcome. J. Psychiatr. Res. 48, 86\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.05.008","volume":"115","author":"A Shafer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shafer, A. & Dazzi, F. Meta-analysis of the positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure. J. Psychiatr. Res. 115, 113\u2013120 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-021621-124910","volume":"73","author":"PF Hitchcock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hitchcock, P. F., Fried, E. I. & Frank, M. J. Computational psychiatry needs time and context. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 73, 243\u2013270 (2022).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"2128_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617744325","volume":"6","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp, S. et al. Personalized network modeling in psychopathology: the importance of contemporaneous and temporal connections. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 6, 416\u2013427 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"2128_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766692","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.766692","volume":"12","author":"SN Mosolov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mosolov, S. N. & Yaltonskaya, P. A. Primary and secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 12, 766692 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550618774772","volume":"10","author":"JF Rauthmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rauthmann, J. F., Horstmann, K. T. & Sherman, R. A. Do self-reported traits and aggregated states capture the same thing? A nomological perspective on trait-state homomorphy. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. 10, 596\u2013611 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"2128_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20310","volume":"15","author":"J van Os","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Os, J. & Reininghaus, U. Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population. World Psychiatry 15, 118\u2013124 (2016).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20205","volume":"14","author":"L Sass","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sass, L. & Byrom, G. Phenomenological and neurocognitive perspectives on delusions: a critical overview. World Psychiatry 14, 164\u2013173 (2015).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13","volume":"160","author":"S Kapur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kapur, S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 13\u201323 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2536","volume":"10","author":"PC Fletcher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fletcher, P. C. & Frith, C. D. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 48\u201358 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2128_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.105022","volume":"145","author":"N Angeletos Chrysaitis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angeletos Chrysaitis, N. & Series, P. 10 years of Bayesian theories of autism: a comprehensive review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 145, 105022 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"2128_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noel, J. P., Shivkumar, S., Dokka, K., Haefner, R. M. & Angelaki, D. E. Aberrant causal inference and presence of a compensatory mechanism in autism spectrum disorder. Elife 11, e71866 (2022).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71866"},{"key":"2128_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000097","volume":"143","author":"CJ Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer, C. J., Lawson, R. P. & Hohwy, J. Bayesian approaches to autism: towards volatility, action, and behavior. Psychol. Bull. 143, 521\u2013542 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"2128_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.006","volume":"80","author":"K Friston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friston, K. The Bayesian savant. Biol. Psychiatry 80, 87\u201389 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.014","volume":"186","author":"A Mucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mucci, A., Merlotti, E., Ucok, A., Aleman, A. & Galderisi, S. Primary and persistent negative symptoms: Concepts, assessments and neurobiological bases. Schizophr. Res. 186, 19\u201328 (2017).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.08.017","volume":"142","author":"N Boonstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boonstra, N. et al. Duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms-a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Schizophr. Res. 142, 12\u201319 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucci, A. et al. Assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: from the consensus conference-derived scales to remote digital phenotyping. Brain Sci. 15, 83 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15010083"},{"key":"2128_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152521","volume":"135","author":"B Misiak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Misiak, B. et al. Does social isolation predict the emergence of psychotic-like experiences? Results from the experience sampling method study. Compr. Psychiatry 135, 152521 (2024).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.06.025","volume":"164","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strauss, G. P., Zamani Esfahlani, F., Raugh, I. M., Luther, L. & Sayama, H. Markov chain analysis indicates that positive and negative emotions have abnormal temporal interactions during daily life in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 164, 344\u2013349 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.06.015","volume":"210","author":"C Gerritsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerritsen, C. et al. Stress precedes negative symptom exacerbations in clinical high risk and early psychosis: a time-lagged experience sampling study. Schizophr. Res. 210, 52\u201358 (2019).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24965","volume":"100","author":"R Formisano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Formisano, R., Rosikon, K. D., Singh, A. & Dhillon, H. S. The dopamine membrane transporter plays an active modulatory role in synaptic dopamine homeostasis. J. Neurosci. Res. 100, 1551\u20131559 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104896","volume":"144","author":"KD Fischer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fischer, K. D., Knackstedt, L. A. & Rosenberg, P. A. Glutamate homeostasis and dopamine signaling: implications for psychostimulant addiction behavior. Neurochem. Int. 144, 104896 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"2128_CR65","volume":"6","author":"JA Best","year":"2009","unstructured":"Best, J. A., Nijhout, H. F. & Reed, M. C. Homeostatic mechanisms in dopamine synthesis and release: a mathematical model. Theor. Biol. Med. Model 6, 21 (2009).","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Med. Model"},{"key":"2128_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.52","volume":"278","author":"GF Koob","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koob, G. F. & Le Moal, M. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278, 52\u201358 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2128_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00057-5","volume":"1","author":"J Tiego","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tiego, J. et al. Precision behavioral phenotyping as a strategy for uncovering the biological correlates of psychopathology. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 304\u2013315 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Ment. Health"},{"key":"2128_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000685","volume":"31","author":"AGC Wright","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wright, A. G. C. & Zimmermann, J. Applied ambulatory assessment: integrating idiographic and nomothetic principles of measurement. Psychol. Assess. 31, 1467\u20131480 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"2128_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20291","volume":"15","author":"M Maj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maj, M. The need for a conceptual framework in psychiatry acknowledging complexity while avoiding defeatism. World Psychiatry 15, 1\u20132 (2016).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20559","volume":"7","author":"P Tyrer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tyrer, P. Dimensions fit the data, but can clinicians fit the dimensions? World Psychiatry 7, 295\u2013296 (2018).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10r06444","volume":"73","author":"GA Fava","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C. & Tomba, E. The clinical process in psychiatry. J. Clin. Psychiatry 73, 177\u2013184 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113807","volume":"345","author":"M Reichert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reichert, M. et al. Ambulatory assessment for precision psychiatry: foundations, current developments and future avenues. Exp. Neurol. 345, 113807 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2128_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancini, V. et al. Positive psychotic symptoms are associated with divergent developmental trajectories of hippocampal volume during late adolescence in patients with 22q11DS. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 2844\u20132859 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0443-z"},{"key":"2128_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00017","volume":"39","author":"W Reich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reich, W. Diagnostic interview for children and adolescents (DICA). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 39, 59\u201366 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman, J. et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 36, 980\u2013988 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2128_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. B. W. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders: Clinician Version (SCID-I) (American Psychiatric Press, 1996).","DOI":"10.1037\/t07827-000"},{"key":"2128_CR77","unstructured":"First M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S. & Spitzer, R. L. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders: SCID-5-CV clinician version (American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 2016)."},{"key":"2128_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007040","volume":"29","author":"TJ Miller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miller, T. J. et al. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophr. Bull. 29, 703\u2013715 (2003).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"2128_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.09.024","volume":"238","author":"C Feller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feller, C., Ilen, L., Eliez, S. & Schneider, M. Psychotic experiences in daily-life in adolescents and young adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an ecological momentary assessment study. Schizophr. Res. 238, 54\u201361 (2021).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"2128_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1037","volume":"15","author":"CR Genovese","year":"2002","unstructured":"Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A. & Nichols, T. Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage 15, 870\u2013878 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2128_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-013815","volume":"39","author":"BA Wandell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wandell, B. A. Clarifying human white matter. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 39, 103\u2013128 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02128-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02128-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02128-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:19:21Z","timestamp":1765808361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02128-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-02128-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2398-6352"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"759"}}