{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:19:34Z","timestamp":1777310374621,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJPF2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPF2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21zf0127005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21zf0127005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21zf0127005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21zf0127005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K21351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K21351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02155-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T10:02:57Z","timestamp":1765447377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of sleep patterns assessed by a smartphone application with work productivity loss among Japanese employees"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Seol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Iwagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Yanagisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250114","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0114","volume":"8","author":"L Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen, L. et al. Trajectories of Sleep Duration, Sleep Onset Timing, and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e250114 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2122837","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.22837","volume":"4","author":"T Svensson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Svensson, T. et al. Association of Sleep Duration With All- and Major-Cause Mortality Among Adults in Japan, China, Singapore, and Korea. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2122837 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00210-2","volume":"2","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. The brain structure and genetic mechanisms underlying the nonlinear association between sleep duration, cognition and mental health. Nat. Aging 2, 425\u2013437 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"2155_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4968","volume":"354","author":"ES Musiek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musiek, E. S. & Holtzman, D. M. Mechanisms linking circadian clocks, sleep, and neurodegeneration. Science 354, 1004\u20131008 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813943","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.813943","volume":"8","author":"C Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, C. et al. Sleep Duration\/Quality With Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Prospective Studies. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 8, 813943 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2155_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237117","volume":"29","author":"N Goel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J. S. & Dinges, D. F. Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Semin. Neurol. 29, 320\u2013339 (2009).","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"2155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00045","volume":"11","author":"JJ Pilcher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pilcher, J. J. & Morris, D. M. Sleep and Organizational Behavior: Implications for Workplace Productivity and Safety. Front. Psychol. 11, 45 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2155_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.02.016","volume":"6","author":"Y Ishibashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishibashi, Y. & Shimura, A. Association between work productivity and sleep health: A cross-sectional study in Japan. Sleep. Health 6, 270\u2013276 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep. Health"},{"key":"2155_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E77","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.230197","volume":"20","author":"AR Ramos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramos, A. R., Wheaton, A. G. & Johnson, D. A. Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Chronic Disease. Prev. Chronic Dis. 20, E77 (2023).","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"2155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5664\/JCSM.1322","volume":"7","author":"Y Kaneita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaneita, Y. & Ohida, T. Association of current work and sleep situations with excessive daytime sleepiness and medical incidents among Japanese physicians. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 7, 512\u2013522 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5092","volume":"11","author":"Y Morita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morita, Y., Sasai-Sakuma, T., Asaoka, S. & Inoue, Y. Prevalence and Correlates of Insufficient Sleep Syndrome in Japanese Young Adults: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 11, 1163\u20131169 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR12","first-page":"11","volume":"6","author":"M Hafner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., Taylor, J., Troxel, W. M. & van Stolk, C. Why Sleep Matters-The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis. Rand Health Q. 6, 11 (2017).","journal-title":"Rand Health Q."},{"key":"2155_CR13","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD Time Use Database, 2021, Available from: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/datasets\/time-use-database.html (accessed on 20th June 2025)."},{"key":"2155_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1422-x","volume":"25","author":"E Widera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Widera, E., Chang, A. & Chen, H. L. Presenteeism: a public health hazard. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 25, 1244\u20131247 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-021-00224-z","volume":"15","author":"Y Takano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takano, Y., Iwano, S., Aoki, S., Nakano, N. & Sakano, Y. A systematic review of the effect of sleep interventions on presenteeism. Biopsychosoc. Med. 15, 21 (2021).","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-021-00339-4","volume":"20","author":"O Itani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Itani, O. et al. A cross-sectional epidemiological study of the relationship between sleep duration, quality, and rhythm and presenteeism in workers. Sleep. Biol. Rhythms 20, 53\u201363 (2022).","journal-title":"Sleep. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"2155_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.038","volume":"22","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roenneberg, T., Allebrandt, K. V., Merrow, M. & Vetter, C. Social jetlag and obesity. Curr. Biol. 22, 939\u2013943 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2155_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz204","volume":"43","author":"Z Islam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Islam, Z. et al. Social jetlag is associated with an increased likelihood of having depressive symptoms among the Japanese working population: the Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Sleep 43, zsz204 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.03.014","volume":"250","author":"CN Kaufmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaufmann, C. N. et al. Inaccuracy between subjective reports and objective measures of sleep duration and clinical correlates in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 250, 226\u2013230 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"2155_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JOCCUH\/uiad012","volume":"66","author":"T Otsubo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otsubo, T., Kinjo, A., Kuwabara, Y., Hongja, K. & Osaki, Y. Lifestyle factors associated with presenteeism among city government office workers: a cross-sectional study. J. Occup. Health 66, uiad012 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"2155_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae028","volume":"74","author":"Y Takano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takano, Y., Okajima, I., Ando, T., Iwano, S. & Inoue, Y. Presenteeism and sleep duration on workdays and days off. Occup. Med. (Lond.) 74, 283\u2013289 (2024).","journal-title":"Occup. Med. (Lond.)"},{"key":"2155_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14107","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14107","volume":"33","author":"M Turner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Turner, M. et al. The relationships between multidimensional sleep health and work productivity in individuals with neurological conditions. J. Sleep. Res. 33, e14107 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"2155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01125-5","volume":"7","author":"VK Viswanath","year":"2024","unstructured":"Viswanath, V. K. et al. Five million nights: temporal dynamics in human sleep phenotypes. NPJ Digit. Med. 7, 150 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89341-x","volume":"11","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, L., Nakamura, T., Hayano, J. & Yamamoto, Y. Age and gender differences in objective sleep properties using large-scale body acceleration data in a Japanese population. Sci. Rep. 11, 9970 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2155_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-78","volume":"11","author":"Y Dauvilliers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dauvilliers, Y., Lopez, R., Ohayon, M. & Bayard, S. Hypersomnia and depressive symptoms: methodological and clinical aspects. BMC Med. 11, 78 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"2155_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.585","volume":"33","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cappuccio, F. P., D\u2019Elia, L., Strazzullo, P. & Miller, M. A. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep 33, 585\u2013592 (2010).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2155_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz246","volume":"43","author":"CL Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson, C. L. et al. Concordance between self-reported and actigraphy-assessed sleep duration among African-American adults: findings from the Jackson Heart Sleep Study. Sleep 43, zsz246 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2155_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01493-6","volume":"8","author":"S Akre","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akre, S. et al. Comparing self reported and physiological sleep quality from consumer devices to depression and neurocognitive performance. NPJ Digit. Med. 8, 92 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41695-z","volume":"9","author":"VA Traag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Traag, V. A., Waltman, L. & van Eck, N. J. From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities. Sci. Rep. 9, 5233 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2155_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12046","volume":"22","author":"MT Bianchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bianchi, M. T., Williams, K. L., McKinney, S. & Ellenbogen, J. M. The subjective-objective mismatch in sleep perception among those with insomnia and sleep apnea. J. Sleep. Res. 22, 557\u2013568 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"2155_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412895121","volume":"122","author":"M Masaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Masaki, M. et al. Discrepancies between subjective and objective sleep assessments revealed by in-home electroencephalography during real-world sleep. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. Usa. 122, e2412895121 (2025).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. Usa."},{"key":"2155_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaa085","volume":"55","author":"KM Shaffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaffer, K. M. et al. Effects of an Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Program on Work Productivity: A Secondary Analysis. Ann. Behav. Med. 55, 592\u2013599 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.01.064","volume":"25","author":"C Vetter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vetter, C., Fischer, D., Matera, J. L. & Roenneberg, T. Aligning work and circadian time in shift workers improves sleep and reduces circadian disruption. Curr. Biol. 25, 907\u2013911 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2155_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3730","volume":"44","author":"M H\u00e4rm\u00e4","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00e4rm\u00e4, M. et al. Association of changes in work shifts and shift intensity with change in fatigue and disturbed sleep: a within-subject study. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 44, 394\u2013402 (2018).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"2155_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50983","DOI":"10.2196\/50983","volume":"11","author":"T Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, T. et al. Accuracy of 11 Wearable, Nearable, and Airable Consumer Sleep Trackers: Prospective Multicenter Validation Study. JMIR MHealth UHealth 11, e50983 (2023).","journal-title":"JMIR MHealth UHealth"},{"key":"2155_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979","volume":"23","author":"M Wittmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M. & Roenneberg, T. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol. Int. 23, 497\u2013509 (2006).","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"2155_CR37","first-page":"00081","volume":"S2352-7218","author":"H Ko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ko, H., Cho, S. S. & Kang, M. Y. Work ability and health-related productivity loss by chronotype: Results from population-based panel study. Sleep. Health S2352-7218, 00081\u201300086 (2025).","journal-title":"Sleep. Health"},{"key":"2155_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.08.002","volume":"52","author":"PS Chakradeo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chakradeo, P. S. et al. Chronotype, social jet lag, sleep debt and food timing in inflammatory bowel disease. Sleep. Med. 52, 188\u2013195 (2018).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117119841407","volume":"33","author":"R Robbins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robbins, R. et al. Employee Sleep and Workplace Health Promotion: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Health Promot. 33, 1009\u20131019 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"2155_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7734","volume":"15","author":"NS Redeker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Redeker, N. S. et al. Workplace Interventions to Promote Sleep Health and an Alert, Healthy Workforce. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 15, 649\u2013657 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9763-9","volume":"20","author":"M Matsushita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matsushita, M. et al. Presenteeism in college students: reliability and validity of the Presenteeism Scale for Students. Qual. Life Res. 20, 439\u2013446 (2011).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"2155_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.5.461","volume":"15","author":"RJ Cole","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cole, R. J., Kripke, D. F., Gruen, W., Mullaney, D. J. & Gillin, J. C. Automatic sleep\/wake identification from wrist activity. Sleep 15, 461\u2013469 (1992).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2155_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4840","volume":"11","author":"S Bhat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhat, S. et al. Is There a Clinical Role For Smartphone Sleep Apps? Comparison of Sleep Cycle Detection by a Smartphone Application to Polysomnography. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 11, 709\u2013715 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2012.00575.x","volume":"10","author":"V Natale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Natale, V. et al. Monitoring sleep with a smartphone accelerometer. Sleep. Biol. Rhythms 10, 287\u2013292 (2012).","journal-title":"Sleep. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"2155_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1661-3","volume":"23","author":"E Fino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fino, E. & Mazzetti, M. Monitoring healthy and disturbed sleep through smartphone applications: a review of experimental evidence. Sleep. Breath. 23, 13\u201324 (2019).","journal-title":"Sleep. Breath."},{"key":"2155_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64749","DOI":"10.2196\/64749","volume":"27","author":"J Seol","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seol, J., Iwagami, M., Kayamare, M. C. T. & Yanagisawa, M. Relationship Among Macronutrients, Dietary Components, and Objective Sleep Variables Measured by Smartphone Apps: Real-World Cross-Sectional Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 27, e64749 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2155_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002158","volume":"63","author":"K Muramatsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muramatsu, K., Nakao, K., Ide, H. & Furui, Y. Testing the Construct Validity and Responsiveness of the Single-Item Presenteeism Question. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 63, e187\u2013e196 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27751","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027751","volume":"100","author":"SY Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. & Kwon, M. Impacts of heavy smoking and alcohol consumption on workplace presenteeism: A cross-sectional study. Med. (Baltim.) 100, e27751 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim.)"},{"key":"2155_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2470-2","volume":"15","author":"HV Buchvold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buchvold, H. V., Pallesen, S., \u00d8yane, N. M. F. & Bjorvatn, B. Associations between night work and BMI, alcohol, smoking, caffeine and exercise\u2014a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 15, 1112 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2155_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00095-7","volume":"48","author":"CR Soldatos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G. & Paparrigopoulos, T. J. Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. J. Psychosom. Res. 48, 555\u2013560 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"2155_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7258","volume":"14","author":"BR Lapin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lapin, B. R., Bena, J. F., Walia, H. K. & Moul, D. E. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale: Validation of One-Dimensional Factor Structure in a Large Clinical Sample. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 14, 1293\u20131301 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2155_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013","volume":"49","author":"C Leys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P. & Licata, L. Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49, 764\u2013766 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"2155_CR53","first-page":"297","volume":"1","author":"T Hastie","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. Generalized additive models. Stat. Sci. 1, 297\u2013310 (1986).","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02155-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02155-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02155-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T10:02:59Z","timestamp":1765447379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02155-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-02155-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.Y. reported receiving payment from The Pok\u00e9mon Company (Tokyo, Japan) for consultation related to the development of the Pok\u00e9mon Sleep app. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"751"}}