{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:50:16Z","timestamp":1780642216418,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Koa Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23MH120351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH120351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23MH119372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH119372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02230-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:45:55Z","timestamp":1765781155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A randomized clinical trial of app cognitive behavior therapy vs. HealthWatch for obsessive compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Jacoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Weingarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne S.","family":"Hoeppner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalton","family":"Klare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivar","family":"Snorrason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Jaroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"2230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04209-5","volume":"23","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stein, D. J. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys. BMC Med. 23, 416 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"2230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000697","volume":"18","author":"AS Macy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Macy, A. S. et al. Quality of life in obsessive compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 18, 21\u201333 (2013).","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"2230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114525674","volume":"28","author":"DS Baldwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baldwin, D. S. et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J. Psychopharmacol. 28, 403\u2013439 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2230_CR5","unstructured":"Koran, L. M., Hanna, G. L., Hollander, E., Nestadt, G. & Simpson, H. B. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. http\/\/www.psych.org\/psych_pract\/treatg\/pg\/prac_guide.cfm (2007)."},{"key":"2230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1159\/000527115","volume":"91","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols, D. et al. Operational definitions of treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder capture meaningful improvements in everyday life. Psychother. Psychosom 91, 424\u2013430 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom"},{"key":"2230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.06.003","volume":"40","author":"L-G \u00d6st","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d6st, L.-G., Havnen, A., Hansen, B. & Kvale, G. Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993-2014. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 40, 156\u2013169 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, J. E. et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy with exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Comprehension Psychiatry 106, 152223 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152223"},{"key":"2230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Stamm, K. & Christidis, P. 2015 County-Level Analysis of US Licensed Psychologists and Health Indicators. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/workforce\/publications\/15-county-analysis (2016).","DOI":"10.1037\/e503702016-001"},{"key":"2230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.02.002","volume":"29","author":"NA Fineberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fineberg, N. A. et al. Early intervention for obsessive compulsive disorder: an expert consensus statement. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 29, 549\u2013565 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"2230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.08.001","volume":"51","author":"S Wilhelm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilhelm, S. et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the digital age: presidential address. Behav. Ther. 51, 1\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11643","DOI":"10.2196\/11643","volume":"6","author":"F Ferreri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreri, F. et al. How new technologies can improve prediction, assessment, and intervention in obsessive-compulsive disorder (e-OCD): review. JMIR Ment. Health 6, e11643 (2019).","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"2230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.05.001","volume":"52","author":"M Gershkovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gershkovich, M. et al. Integrating exposure and response prevention with a mobile app to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder: feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects. Behav. Ther. 52, 394\u2013405 (2021).","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.007","volume":"322","author":"G Salazar de Pablo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salazar de Pablo, G., Pascual-S\u00e1nchez, A., Panchal, U., Clark, B. & Krebs, G. Efficacy of remotely-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J. Affect Disord. 322, 289\u2013299 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"2230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X211053738","volume":"30","author":"N Krzyzaniak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krzyzaniak, N. et al. The effectiveness of telehealth versus face-to-face interventions for anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Telemed. Telecare 30, 250\u2013261 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"2230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisi, D. M. et al. Online versus in\u2010person delivery of cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: an examination of effectiveness. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 31, 12 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2908"},{"key":"2230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22657","volume":"34","author":"M Van Ameringen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Ameringen, M., Turna, J., Khalesi, Z., Pullia, K. & Patterson, B. There is an app for that! The current state of mobile applications (apps) for DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and mood disorders. Depress Anxiety 34, 526\u2013539 (2017).","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"2230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2022.100765","volume":"36","author":"S Hiranandani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hiranandani, S., Ipek, S. I., Wilhelm, S. & Greenberg, J. L. Digital mental health interventions for obsessive compulsive and related disorders: a brief review of evidence-based interventions and future directions. J. Obsess. Compuls. Relat. Disord. 36, 100765 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Obsess. Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"2230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2021.12.008","volume":"53","author":"B Akin-Sari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akin-Sari, B. et al. Cognitive training via a mobile application to reduce obsessive-compulsive-related distress and cognitions during the COVID-19 outbreaks: a randomized controlled trial using a subclinical cohort. Behav. Ther. 53, 776\u2013792 (2022).","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63316","DOI":"10.2196\/63316","volume":"12","author":"M Lee Yoon Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee Yoon Li, M., Lee Si Min, S. & S\u00fcndermann, O. Efficacy of the mHealth app intellect in improving subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder in university students: randomized controlled trial with a 4-week follow-up. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 12, e63316 (2024).","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36431","DOI":"10.2196\/36431","volume":"24","author":"JD Feusner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feusner, J. D. et al. Online video teletherapy treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using exposure and response prevention: Clinical outcomes from a retrospective longitudinal observational study. J. Med. Internet Res. 24, e36431 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23778","DOI":"10.2196\/23778","volume":"8","author":"H Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang, H., Bae, S., Hong, J. S. & Han, D. H. Comparing effectiveness between a mobile app program and traditional cognitive behavior therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evaluation study. JMIR Ment. Health 8, e23778\u2013e23778 (2021).","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"2230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000524628","volume":"91","author":"S Wilhelm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilhelm, S., Weingarden, H. & Greenberg, J. L. Efficacy of app-based cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder with coach support: Initial randomized controlled clinical trial. Psychother. Psychosom. 91, 277\u2013285 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"2230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.03.007","volume":"51","author":"S Wilhelm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilhelm, S. et al. Development and pilot testing of a cognitive-behavioral therapy digital service for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav. Ther. 51, 15\u201326 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102194","volume":"70","author":"JL Buchholz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchholz, J. L. & Abramowitz, J. S. The therapeutic alliance in exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders: a critical review. J. Anxiety Disord. 70, 102194 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"2230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.085","volume":"324","author":"NN Samantaray","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samantaray, N. N., Mishra, A., Singh, A. R., Sudhir, P. M. & Singh, P. Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor, and non-specific therapeutic factors as predictors and mediators of CBT outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder in a naturalistic mental health setting. J. Affect. Disord. 324, 92\u2013101 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"2230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19020184","volume":"177","author":"T Hildebrandt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, T. et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing health coach-delivered smartphone-guided self-help with standard care for adults with binge eating. AJP 177, 134\u2013142 (2020).","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"2230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2023.2279492","volume":"53","author":"BM Wootton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wootton, B. M. et al. Efficacy and acceptability of a self-guided internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral educational program for obsessive-compulsive symptoms with international recruitment. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 53, 133\u2013151 (2024).","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1891\/JCPSY-D-20-00027","volume":"35","author":"AG Guzick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guzick, A. G., McCabe, R. E. & Storch, E. A. A review of motivational interviewing in cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Cogn. Psychother. 35, 116\u2013132 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"2230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-79","volume":"7","author":"T Donker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donker, T., Griffiths, K. M., Cuijpers, P. & Christensen, H. Psychoeducation for depression, anxiety and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. BMC Med. 7, 79 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"2230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.07.030","volume":"345","author":"P Gruner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gruner, P. & Pittenger, C. Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroscience 345, 243\u2013255 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103498","volume":"123","author":"AR Wasil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wasil, A. R., Venturo-Conerly, K. E., Shingleton, R. M. & Weisz, J. R. A review of popular smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: assessing the inclusion of evidence-based content. Behav. Res. Ther. 123, 103498 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.03.006","volume":"40","author":"CW Ong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ong, C. W., Clyde, J. W., Bluett, E. J., Levin, M. E. & Twohig, M. P. Dropout rates in exposure with response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do the data really say? J. Anxiety Disord. 40, 8\u201317 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"2230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2018.04.004","volume":"50","author":"G Steketee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steketee, G., Siev, J., Yovel, I., Lit, K. & Wilhelm, S. Predictors and moderators of cognitive and behavioral therapy outcomes for OCD: a patient-level mega-analysis of eight sites. Behav. Ther. 50, 165\u2013176 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"2230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2018.03.008","volume":"10","author":"J Twisk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Twisk, J. et al. Different ways to estimate treatment effects in randomised controlled trials. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun. 10, 80\u201385 (2018).","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"2230_CR36","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan, D. V. et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59, 22\u201333 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posner, K. et al. Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Vol 10 (Columbia University Medical Center, 2008).","DOI":"10.1037\/t52667-000"},{"key":"2230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","volume":"46","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman, W. K. et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 1006\u20131011 (1989).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.08.007","volume":"63","author":"EA Storch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Storch, E. A. et al. Defining clinical severity in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr. Psychiatry 63, 30\u201335 (2015).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy, W. Clinical Global Impressions. in ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology\u2014Revised 218\u2013222 (National Institute of Mental Health, 1976).","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"key":"2230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20299","volume":"15","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols, D. et al. Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Psychiatry 15, 80\u201381 (2016).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.5.461","volume":"180","author":"JC Mundt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K. & Greist, J. M. The work and social adjustment scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br. J. Psychiatry 180, 461\u2013464 (2002).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR43","first-page":"321","volume":"29","author":"J Endicott","year":"1993","unstructured":"Endicott, J., Nee, J., Harrison, W. & Blumenthal, R. Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: a new measure. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 29, 321\u2013326 (1993).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"2230_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8","volume":"54","author":"AJ Rush","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rush, A. J. The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 54, 585\u2013585 (2003).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(00)00012-4","volume":"31","author":"GJ Devilly","year":"2000","unstructured":"Devilly, G. J. & Borkovec, T. D. Psychometric properties of the credibility\/expectancy questionnaire. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 31, 73\u201386 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attkisson, C. C. & Zwick, R. The client satisfaction questionnaire: psychometric properties and correlations with service utilization and psychotherapy outcome. Eval. Program Plan. 5, 233\u2013237 (1982).","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7189(82)90074-X"},{"key":"2230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00536-2","volume":"3","author":"H Christensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christensen, H. et al. Effectiveness of an online insomnia program (SHUTi) for prevention of depressive episodes (the GoodNight Study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 3, 333\u2013341 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, G., Crisp, D., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. & Bennett, K. The ANU WellBeing study: a protocol for a quasi-factorial randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of an Internet support group and an automated Internet intervention for depression. BMC Psychiatry 10, 20 (2010).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-20"},{"key":"2230_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059139","volume":"8","author":"N Glozier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glozier, N. et al. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with mild to moderate depression and high cardiovascular disease risks: a randomised attention-controlled trial. PLoS ONE 8, e59139 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2230_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2018.02.003","volume":"12","author":"S Hagatun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hagatun, S. et al. Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia and comorbid symptoms. Internet Intervention 12, 11\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Internet Intervention"},{"key":"2230_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.12.007","volume":"51","author":"CP Pearcy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pearcy, C. P., Anderson, R. A., Egan, S. J. & Rees, C. S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-help therapeutic interventions for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: is therapeutic contact key to overall improvement? J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 51, 74\u201383 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2230_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4431","volume":"31","author":"BC Kahan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kahan, B. C. & Morris, T. P. Improper analysis of trials randomised using stratified blocks or minimisation. Stat. Med 31, 328\u2013340 (2012).","journal-title":"Stat. Med"},{"key":"2230_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030048","volume":"17","author":"A Feingold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feingold, A. A regression framework for effect size assessments in longitudinal modeling of group differences. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 17, 111\u2013121 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"2230_CR54","unstructured":"Wilhelm, S. & Steketee, G. S. Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals (New Harbinger Publications, 2006)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02230-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T07:02:43Z","timestamp":1767078163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-025-02230-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-02230-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Wilhelm is a presenter for the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy in educational programs supported through independent medical education grants from pharmaceutical companies; she has received royalties from Elsevier Publications, Guilford Publications, New Harbinger Publications, Springer, and Oxford University Press. Wilhelm has also received speaking honoraria from various academic institutions and foundations, including the International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation, the Tourette Association of America, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, she received payment from the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies for her role as Associate Editor for the Behavior Therapy journal, as well as from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. for her role as Associate Editor on the journal Depression & Anxiety. Wilhelm has also received honoraria from One-Mind for her role in PsyberGuide Scientific Advisory Board. Wilhelm is also on the Scientific Advisory Board for Koa Health, Inc. and for Noom, Inc. Wilhelm has received research and salary support from Koa Health, Inc. Additionally, Wilhelm has a consulting agreement with Noom, Inc. Greenberg has received research support from Koa Health and is a presenter for the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy in educational programs supported through independent medical education grants from pharmaceutical companies. She has received speaking honoraria from L\u2019Oreal (SkinCeuticals) and RBC Consultants (CeraVe) and honoraria for advisory board participation from RBC Consultants (CeraVe). Jacoby received research support from Koa Health and is a presenter for the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy in educational programs supported through independent medical education grants from pharmaceutical companies. She has also received royalties from Hogrefe Publications. Weingarden receives salary support from HabitAware, Inc., is a paid scientific advisor to Augmend Health, and is a paid consultant to APA Labs. Weingarden has received research support from the National Institute of Mental Health and Koa Health and was a presenter for the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy in educational programs supported through independent medical education grants from pharmaceutical companies. Hoeppner, Snorrason, and Klare received research support from Koa Health. Jaroszewski has received research support from Koa Health and the National Institute of Mental Health. McCoy has received research funding from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, and Koa Health. Harrison is Founder\/CEO of Koa Health, a digital mental health company that collaborated with Wilhelm and her team at MGH to build Perspectives. Harrison also serves on the WHO Roster of Experts for Digital Health, sits on the Board of EMPOWER (a non-profit organization promoting the training of community health workers to provide mental healthcare), is a member of the Expert Panel for implementing the Wellcome Trust\u2019s mental health strategy, and is the Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence at Oxford University 2024-25.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"800"}}