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J.H.J., D.L., and H.T.Y. declare no competing interests. J.K. is a shareholder of Wellysis Corp. and reports pending patent applications related to atrial fibrillation prediction using AI (United States Application No. 18\/636,402, filed 15 April 2024; Republic of Korea Application No. 10-2023-0069397, filed 30 May 2023). D.K. and J.J. are shareholders of HUINNO Corp. S.C.Y. serves as the Chief Executive Officer of PHI Digital Healthcare, reports grants from Daiichi Sankyo, and is a coinventor of granted Korean Patents (DP-2023-1223, DP-2023-0920) and pending Patent Applications (DP-2024-0909, DP-2024-0908, DP-2022-1658, DP-2022-1478, DP-2022-1365, PATENT-2025-0039190, PATENT-2025-0039191, PATENT-2025-0039192, PATENT-2025-0039193, PATENT-2025-0039194), all unrelated to the present work. B.J. has served as a speaker for Bayer, BMS\/Pfizer, Medtronic, and Daiichi-Sankyo, and received research funds from Samjin, Yuhan, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Abbott Korea.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"157"}}