{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:02:37Z","timestamp":1771552957663,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52036007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52036007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["252102310440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102310440"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02366-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:24:38Z","timestamp":1768983878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Annotation-free 3D reconstruction and quantification of retinal microvasculature by RADAR"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xindi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jinyang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhanle","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2366_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.784876","volume":"1","author":"G Liew","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liew, G., Wang, J. J., Mitchell, P. & Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular imaging: a new tool in microvascular disease research. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 1, 156\u2013161 (2008).","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"2366_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189142","volume":"60","author":"CY Cheung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheung, C. Y., Ikram, M. K., Sabanayagam, C. & Wong, T. Y. Retinal microvasculature as a model to study the manifestations of hypertension. Hypertension 60, 1094\u20131103 (2012).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2366_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227","volume":"9","author":"A London","year":"2013","unstructured":"London, A., Benhar, I. & Schwartz, M. The retina as a window to the brain\u2014from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9, 44\u201353 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"2366_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.032","volume":"222","author":"B Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, B. et al. Early detection of microvascular impairments with optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic patients without clinical retinopathy: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 222, 226\u2013237 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2366_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001990","volume":"39","author":"S Vujosevic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vujosevic, S. et al. Early microvascular and neural changes in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy. Retina 39, 435\u2013445 (2019).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"2366_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00694-1","volume":"11","author":"DLC Isaac","year":"2025","unstructured":"Isaac, D. L. C. et al. Effect of disease duration on foveal microvasculature assessed by OCTA in type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic retinopathy. Int. J. Retina Vitreous 11, 66 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"2366_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","volume":"35","author":"JWY Yau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yau, J. W. Y. et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 35, 556\u2013564 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2366_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438739","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1438739","volume":"16","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Recent advances and applications of optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy. Front. Endocrinol. 16, 1438739 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2366_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15060737","volume":"15","author":"A Hayati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hayati, A. et al. Advancing diabetic retinopathy screening: a systematic review of artificial intelligence and optical coherence tomography angiography innovations. Diagnostics 15, 737 (2025).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2366_CR10","first-page":"413","volume":"46","author":"M Ang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ang, M. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography: a review of current clinical applications. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 46, 413\u2013426 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2366_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99297-7","volume":"11","author":"E Borrelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borrelli, E. et al. Volume rendered 3D OCTA assessment of macular ischemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and without diabetic retinopathy. Sci. Rep. 11, 19793 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2366_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219164","volume":"14","author":"C Lavia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lavia, C. et al. Reduced vessel density in the superficial and deep plexuses in diabetic retinopathy is associated with structural changes in corresponding retinal layers. PLoS One 14, e0219164 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2366_CR13","first-page":"6280","volume":"11","author":"MS Sarabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarabi, M. S. et al. 3D retinal vessel density mapping with OCT-angiography. Biomed. Opt. Express 11, 6280\u20136295 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2366_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1159\/000527957","volume":"66","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Early retinal microvasculopathy in prediabetic patients revealed by OCT angiography. Ophthalmic Res 66, 367\u2013376 (2023).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"2366_CR15","volume":"21","author":"D Ratra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ratra, D. et al. Quantitative analysis of retinal microvascular changes in prediabetic and diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography angiography. BMC Ophthalmol 21, 103 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2366_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-0996-8","volume":"54","author":"A Carnevali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carnevali, A. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of retinal vascular plexuses and choriocapillaris in patients with type 1 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetol 54, 695\u2013702 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2366_CR17","first-page":"493","volume":"69","author":"M Abtahi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abtahi, M. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy: a major review. Surv. Ophthalmol. 69, 493\u2013518 (2024).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2366_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02605-w","volume":"37","author":"S Srinivasan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srinivasan, S. et al. Association of OCT and OCT-angiography measures with the development and worsening of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Eye (Lond.) 37, 3781\u20133786 (2023).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"2366_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.07.001","volume":"243","author":"M Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan, M. et al. Peripapillary microvasculature predicts the incidence and development of diabetic retinopathy: a swept-source OCTA study. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 243, 19\u201327 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2366_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.10.003","volume":"54","author":"C Sun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sun, C., Wang, J. J., Mackey, D. A. & Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular caliber: systemic, environmental, and genetic associations. Surv. Ophthalmol. 54, 74\u201395 (2009).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2366_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.001","volume":"268","author":"G Mul\u00e8","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mul\u00e8, G., Vadal\u00e0, M., Geraci, G. & Cottone, S. Retinal vascular imaging in cardiovascular medicine: new tools for an old examination. Atherosclerosis 268, 188\u2013190 (2018).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2366_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTCON.524641","volume":"3","author":"T Okamoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okamoto, T. et al. Three-dimensional vascular graph construction from depth-wise OCT angiography. Opt. Continuum 3, 1132\u20131145 (2024).","journal-title":"Opt. Continuum"},{"key":"2366_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menten, M. J. et al. Physiology-based simulation of the retinal vasculature enables annotation-free segmentation of OCT angiographs. In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention 330\u2013340 (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16452-1_32"},{"key":"2366_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.384919","volume":"11","author":"T Pissas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pissas, T. et al. Deep iterative vessel segmentation in OCT angiography. Biomed. Opt. Express 11, 4320\u20134339 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2366_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3042802","volume":"40","author":"Y Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. ROSE: a retinal OCT-angiography vessel segmentation dataset and new model. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 40, 928\u2013939 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"2366_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00641-5","volume":"12","author":"L Arnould","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnould, L. et al. Using artificial intelligence to analyse the retinal vascular network: the future of cardiovascular risk assessment based on oculomics. Ophthalmol. Ther. 12, 299\u2013314 (2023).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"2366_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, M. W. K. & Chung, A. C. S. 3D curvilinear structure detection using optimally oriented flux. In Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2008 (eds Forsyth, D., Torr, P. & Zisserman, A.) 368\u2013382 (Springer, 2008).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88693-8_27"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02366-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02366-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02366-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T01:06:05Z","timestamp":1771549565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02366-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02366-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"181"}}