{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:14:47Z","timestamp":1783948487471,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0501801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0501801"]}]},{"name":"The Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0501801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0501801"]}]},{"name":"The Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2025ZD0550604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD0550604"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2024ZDZX0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZDZX0017"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2023NSFSC1565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1565"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2024YFFK0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFFK0100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82371280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72342014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72342014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["ZYYC24001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYC24001"]}]},{"name":"the Sichuan Province Health Research Project","award":["ZH2025-103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH2025-103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02398-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:25:49Z","timestamp":1770114349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Digital health interventions for perioperative patient-reported outcomes: a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ziyue","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailei","family":"Nong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiran","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengchan","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuechao","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2398_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.11238","volume":"328","author":"KP Weinfurt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weinfurt, K. P. & Reeve, B. B. Patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research. JAMA 328, 472\u2013473 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2398_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab178","volume":"114","author":"SS Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, S. S. & Movsas, B. How vital are patient-reported outcomes?J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 114, 347\u2013348 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"2398_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f167","volume":"346","author":"N Black","year":"2013","unstructured":"Black, N. Patient reported outcome measures could help transform healthcare. BMJ 346, f167\u2013f167 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2398_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01344","volume":"40","author":"W Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai, W. et al. Patient-reported outcome-based symptom management versus usual care after lung cancer surgery: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JCO. 40, 988\u2013996 (2022).","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"2398_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00249-7","volume":"5","author":"FJ Pearce","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pearce, F. J. et al. The role of patient-reported outcome measures in trials of artificial intelligence health technologies: a systematic evaluation of ClinicalTrials.gov records (1997\u20132022). Lancet Digit. Health 5, e160\u2013e167 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"2398_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.10.006","volume":"35","author":"XS Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, X. S. & Gottumukkala, V. Patient-reported outcomes: Is this the missing link in patient-centered perioperative care? Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 35, 565\u2013573 (2021).","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"2398_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadesse, M. et al. Effect of preoperative anxiety on postoperative pain on patients undergoing elective surgery: prospective cohort study. Ann. Med. Surg. 73, 103190 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.103190"},{"key":"2398_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s44254-023-00019-1","volume":"1","author":"K Ni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni, K., Zhu, J. & Ma, Z. Preoperative anxiety and postoperative adverse events: a narrative overview. Anesthesiol. Perioper. Sci. 1, 23 (2023).","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Perioper. Sci."},{"key":"2398_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051835","volume":"12","author":"X Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu, X., Zhang, Y., Wei, W. & Zhu, J. Effects of preoperative anxiety on postoperative outcomes and sleep quality in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery. J. Clin. Med. 12, 1835 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.110","volume":"365","author":"KJ Holzer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holzer, K. J. et al. The impact of compassion-based interventions on perioperative anxiety and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 365, 476\u2013491 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"2398_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37869","DOI":"10.2196\/37869","volume":"24","author":"PP Valentijn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valentijn, P. P. et al. Digital health interventions for musculoskeletal pain conditions: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Med. Internet Res. 24, e37869 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2398_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, S., Page, M. J., Beringer, K., Wasiak, J. & Sprowson, A. Preoperative education for hip or knee replacement. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, CD003526 (2014).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003526.pub3"},{"key":"2398_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.08.008","volume":"49","author":"P Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo, P., East, L. & Arthur, A. A preoperative education intervention to reduce anxiety and improve recovery among Chinese cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 49, 129\u2013137 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"2398_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-019-0328-0","volume":"18","author":"VMK Amoah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amoah, V. M. K. et al. A qualitative assessment of perceived barriers to effective therapeutic communication among nurses and patients. BMC Nurs. 18, 4 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"2398_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.06.028","volume":"230","author":"AK Lewkowitz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lewkowitz, A. K. et al. The effect of digital health interventions on postpartum depression or anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 230, 12\u201343 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2398_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1713","volume":"12","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodenheimer, T. & Sinsky, C. From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. Ann. Fam. Med. 12, 573\u2013576 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00049-3","volume":"5","author":"KM Shaffer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaffer, K. M. et al. Digital health and telehealth in cancer care: a scoping review of reviews. Lancet Digit. Health 5, e316\u2013e327 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"2398_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53500","DOI":"10.2196\/53500","volume":"26","author":"N Zakiyah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zakiyah, N. et al. Economic evaluations of digital health interventions for patients with heart failure: systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 26, e53500 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2398_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11172411","volume":"11","author":"KA Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, K. A. et al. Digital health for patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Healthcare 11, 2411 (2023).","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2398_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31113-9","volume":"392","author":"E van der Meij","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Meij, E. et al. Personalised perioperative care by e-health after intermediate-grade abdominal surgery: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 392, 51\u201359 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2398_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02043-w","volume":"8","author":"X Hao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hao, X. et al. Control Tower in the hospital: a structure\u2013process\u2013outcome systemic review of telemedicine systems for interprofessional collaboration. npj Digit. Med. 8, 669 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38536","DOI":"10.2196\/38536","volume":"11","author":"H Kondylakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kondylakis, H. et al. A digital health intervention for stress and anxiety relief in perioperative care: protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res. Protoc. 11, e38536 (2022).","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"2398_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew381","volume":"117","author":"EMK Walker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walker, E. M. K., Bell, M., Cook, T. M., Grocott, M. P. W. & Moonesinghe, S. R. Patient reported outcome of adult perioperative anaesthesia in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional observational study. Br. J. Anaesth. 117, 758\u2013766 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"2398_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S252670","volume":"14","author":"M Gobbo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gobbo, M. et al. Experience and needs during perioperative care: a focus group study. Patient Prefer. Adherence 14, 891\u2013902 (2020).","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"2398_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2023-100985","volume":"31","author":"S-J Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, S.-J. et al. Perioperative application of chatbots: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Health Care Inf. 31, e100985 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inf."},{"key":"2398_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.3099","volume":"179","author":"Z Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo, Z. et al. Digital health interventions in pediatric perioperative care: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 179, 1153 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"2398_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01553-x","volume":"8","author":"L Colloca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Colloca, L. et al. Telehealth virtual reality intervention reduces chronic pain in a randomized crossover study. npj Digit. Med. 8, 192 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e248555","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.8555","volume":"7","author":"A Grygorian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grygorian, A., Montano, D., Shojaa, M., Ferencak, M. & Schmitz, N. Digital health interventions and patient safety in abdominal surgery. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e248555 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2398_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Javadi, N., Gwilt, I. & Davis, A. Potential benefits of designing immersive technologies to reduce anxiety in the perioperative patient journey. Proc. DRS https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21606\/drs.2022.491 (2022).","DOI":"10.21606\/drs.2022.491"},{"key":"2398_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.787135","volume":"10","author":"A Gentili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gentili, A. et al. The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: a systematic review of the literature. Front. Public Health 10, 787135 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"2398_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khalili-Mahani, N. & Tran, S. The bigger picture of digital interventions for pain, anxiety and stress: a systematic review of 1200+ controlled trials. in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (ed. Duffy, V. G.) 67\u201378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-06018-2_5 (Springer International Publishing, 2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06018-2_5"},{"key":"2398_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.17225","volume":"33","author":"H Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang, H., Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Wang, X. & Wang, Z. Comparative effectiveness of eHealth interventions on the exercise endurance and quality of life of patients with COPD: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J. Clin. Nurs. 33, 3711\u20133720 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"2398_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11086","DOI":"10.2196\/11086","volume":"21","author":"BW Slattery","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slattery, B. W. et al. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the modalities used to deliver electronic health interventions for chronic pain: systematic review with network meta-analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 21, e11086 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2398_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46439","DOI":"10.2196\/46439","volume":"25","author":"G Zangger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zangger, G. et al. Benefits and harms of digital health interventions promoting physical activity in people with chronic conditions: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 25, e46439 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2398_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00525-1","volume":"4","author":"SR Knight","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knight, S. R. et al. Mobile devices and wearable technology for measuring patient outcomes after surgery: a systematic review. npj Digit. Med. 4, 157 (2021).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S388757","volume":"ume 16","author":"S Jang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jang, S. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of rehabilitation using digital healthcare on musculoskeletal pain and quality of life. J. Pain Res. ume 16, 1877\u20131894 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"2398_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15617","DOI":"10.2196\/15617","volume":"22","author":"S Hewitt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hewitt, S., Sephton, R. & Yeowell, G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: systematic literature review. J. Med. Internet Res. 22, e15617 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2398_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztac037","volume":"3","author":"T Kaihara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaihara, T. et al. Efficacy of digital health interventions on depression and anxiety in patients with cardiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J. Digit. Health 3, 445\u2013454 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Digit. Health"},{"key":"2398_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46116","DOI":"10.2196\/46116","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Digital health psychosocial intervention in adult patients with cancer and their families: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Cancer 10, e46116 (2024).","journal-title":"JMIR Cancer"},{"key":"2398_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.06.028","volume":"230","author":"M Moghimian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moghimian, M. et al. The effect of digital health interventions on postpartum depression or anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 230, 12\u201343 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2398_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2356070","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.56070","volume":"7","author":"ME Katz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katz, M. E. et al. Digital health interventions for hypertension management in US populations experiencing health disparities. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e2356070 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2398_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02699-z","volume":"24","author":"K Shimada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shimada, K. et al. Artificial intelligence-assisted interventions for perioperative anesthetic management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 24, 306 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"2398_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01715-x","volume":"8","author":"B Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, B. et al. A systematic literature review on integrating AI-powered smart glasses into digital health management for proactive healthcare solutions. npj Digit. Med. 8, 410 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s44254-024-00082-2","volume":"2","author":"H Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, H., Chen, Q. & Ma, D. AI aiding perioperative anaesthetic management: on the way but not ready yet. Anesthesiol. Perioper. Sci. 2, 43 (2024).","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Perioper. Sci."},{"key":"2398_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton, B. et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann. Intern. Med. 162, 777\u2013784 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne, J. A. C. et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366, l4898 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2398_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, C. Mean difference, standardized mean difference (SMD), and their use in meta-analysis: as simple as it gets. J. Clin. Psychiatry 81, 11349 (2020).","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20f13681"},{"key":"2398_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C","volume":"41","author":"GR Norman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Norman, G. R., Sloan, J. A. & Wyrwich, K. W. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med. Care 41, 582\u2013592 (2003).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"2398_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew466","volume":"118","author":"PS Myles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Myles, P. S. et al. Measuring acute postoperative pain using the visual analog scale: the minimal clinically important difference and patient acceptable symptom state. Br. J. Anaesth. 118, 424\u2013429 (2017).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"2398_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115065","volume":"9","author":"B Neupane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neupane, B., Richer, D., Bonner, A. J., Kibret, T. & Beyene, J. Network meta-analysis using R: a review of currently available automated packages. PLoS ONE 9, e115065 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2398_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. T. & Thompson, S. G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 21, 1539\u20131558 (2002).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3767","volume":"29","author":"S Dias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Caldwell, D. M. & Ades, A. E. Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 29, 932\u2013944 (2010).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"2398_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M. & Minder, C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315, 629\u2013634 (1997).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2398_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074495","volume":"381","author":"A Izcovich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izcovich, A., Chu, D. K., Mustafa, R. A., Guyatt, G. & Brignardello-Petersen, R. A guide and pragmatic considerations for applying GRADE to network meta-analysis. BMJ. 381, e074495 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2398_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.12.020","volume":"122","author":"HJ Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann, H. J. et al. GRADE guidelines: 21 part 1. Study design, risk of bias, and indirectness in rating the certainty across a body of evidence for test accuracy. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 122, 129\u2013141 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2398_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.12.021","volume":"122","author":"HJ Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann, H. J. et al. GRADE guidelines: 21 part 2. Test accuracy: inconsistency, imprecision, publication bias, and other domains for rating the certainty of evidence and presenting it in evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 122, 142\u2013152 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2398_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brignardello-Petersen, R. et al. GRADE approach to drawing conclusions from a network meta-analysis using a minimally contextualised framework. BMJ m3900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3900 (2020).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3900"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02398-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02398-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02398-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:25:54Z","timestamp":1773156354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02398-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02398-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"206"}}