{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:44:58Z","timestamp":1773863098163,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pioneer and Leading Goose Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; the East\u2013West Cooperation Program","award":["2024C04024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C04024"]}]},{"name":"Pioneer and Leading Goose Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; the East\u2013West Cooperation Program","award":["2024C04024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C04024"]}]},{"name":"Pioneer and Leading Goose Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; the East\u2013West Cooperation Program","award":["2024C04024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C04024"]}]},{"name":"Pioneer and Leading Goose Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; the East\u2013West Cooperation Program","award":["2024C04024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C04024"]}]},{"name":"Pioneer and Leading Goose Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; the East\u2013West Cooperation Program","award":["2024C04024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C04024"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the Zhejiang Health Information Association","award":["2024XHSZ-Z06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XHSZ-Z06"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the Zhejiang Health Information Association","award":["2024XHSZ-Z06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XHSZ-Z06"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the Zhejiang Health Information Association","award":["2024XHSZ-Z06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XHSZ-Z06"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the Zhejiang Health Information Association","award":["2024XHSZ-Z06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XHSZ-Z06"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]},{"name":"Annual \u201cPioneer & Leader + X\u201d Science and Technology Plan of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025C01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02432-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T15:55:48Z","timestamp":1770652548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward integrated sleep health: multimodal AI in Hang Hao Meng agent"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mingjian","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sugai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2432_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00182-2","volume":"8","author":"DC Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim, D. C., Najafi, A. & Afifi, L. The need to promote sleep health in public health agendas across the globe. Lancet Public Health 8, 820\u2013826 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2432_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30136-X","volume":"7","author":"D Freeman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freeman, D., Sheaves, B., Waite, F., Harvey, A. G. & Harrison, P. J. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 7, 628\u2013637 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2432_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2305655","volume":"391","author":"CM Morin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morin, C. M. & Buysse, D. J. Management of insomnia. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 247\u2013258 (2024).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10784","volume":"19","author":"S Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, S., Li, Y., Ye, J. & Han, D. Sleep medicine in China: current clinical practice. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 19, 2125\u20132131 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14217","volume":"330","author":"NH Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah, N. H., Entwistle, D. & Pfeffer, M. A. Creation and adoption of large language models in medicine. JAMA 330, 866\u2013869 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2432_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-024-00056-z","volume":"3","author":"EC Stade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stade, E. C., Stirman, S. W. & Ungar, L. H. Large language models could change the future of behavioral healthcare: a proposal for responsible development and evaluation. Npj Ment. Health Res. 3, 12 (2024).","journal-title":"Npj Ment. Health Res."},{"key":"2432_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08866-7","volume":"642","author":"T Tu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tu, T. et al. Towards conversational diagnostic artificial intelligence. Nature 642, 442\u2013450 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2432_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.1253","volume":"80","author":"AC van Heerden","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Heerden, A. C., Pozuelo, J. R. & Kohrt, B. A. Global Mental Health Services and the Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Powered Large Language Models. JAMA Psychiatry 80, 662\u2013664 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2432_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11132","volume":"20","author":"A Bandyopadhyay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, A. et al. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of using AI-enabled technology in sleep medicine: a commentary. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 20, 1183\u20131191 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abou Jaoude, M. Beyond automation: what\u2019s next for artificial intelligence in sleep? Sleep zsaf153 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf153 (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf153"},{"key":"2432_CR11","unstructured":"Pham, D. T. & Mou\u010dek, R. Automatic Sleep Stage Classification by CNN-Transformer-LSTM using single-channel EEG signal. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) 2559\u20132563 (IEEE, 2023)."},{"key":"2432_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2896659","volume":"27","author":"H Phan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phan, H., Andreotti, F., Cooray, N., Chen, O. Y. & De Vos, M. SeqSleepNet: End-to-End Hierarchical Recurrent Neural Network for Sequence-to-Sequence Automatic Sleep Staging. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27, 400\u2013410 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"2432_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coon, W. G. & Ogg, M. Laying the Foundation: Modern Transformers for Gold-Standard Sleep Analysis and Beyond. In 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) 1\u20137 (IEEE, 2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10782964"},{"key":"2432_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3140383","volume":"22","author":"Z Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia, Z., Cai, X. & Jiao, Z. Multi-modal physiological signals based squeeze-and-excitation network with domain adversarial learning for sleep staging. IEEE Sens. J. 22, 3464\u20133471 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"2432_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fox, B. et al. A foundational transformer leveraging full night, multichannel sleep study data accurately classifies sleep stages. Sleep zsaf061 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf061 (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf061"},{"key":"2432_CR16","unstructured":"Thapa, R. et al. SleepFM: Multi-modal Representation Learning for Sleep across ECG, EEG and Respiratory Signals. In AAAI 2024 Spring Symposium on Clinical Foundation Models (2024)."},{"key":"2432_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01516-2","volume":"8","author":"R Shusterman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shusterman, R. et al. An active inference strategy for prompting reliable responses from large language models in medical practice. npj Digit. Med. 8, 119 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.03.053","volume":"104","author":"BB Ozmen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozmen, B. B. & Mathur, P. Evidence-based artificial intelligence: Implementing retrieval-augmented generation models to enhance clinical decision support in plastic surgery. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 104, 414\u2013416 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"2432_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf008","volume":"32","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, S., McCoy, A. B. & Wright, A. Improving large language model applications in biomedicine with retrieval-augmented generation: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and clinical development guidelines. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 32, 605\u2013615 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"2432_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.06.053","volume":"339","author":"AL Henry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henry, A. L. et al. Does treating insomnia with digital cognitive behavioural therapy (Sleepio) mediate improvements in anxiety for those with insomnia and comorbid anxiety? An analysis using individual participant data from two large randomised controlled trials. J. Affect. Disord. 339, 58\u201363 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"2432_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-023-09992-y","volume":"31","author":"AB Rowan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rowan, A. B., Magnante, A. T., Urh, N. & Figueroa, L. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Self-Management Mobile Apps: A Review of Efficacy and Quality. J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings 31, 537\u2013549 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings"},{"key":"2432_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24607","volume":"23","author":"M Aji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aji, M. et al. Framework for the design engineering and clinical implementation and evaluation of mhealth apps for sleep disturbance: systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e24607 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2432_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7398","volume":"14","author":"F Massie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Massie, F. et al. An evaluation of the NightOwl home sleep apnea testing system. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 14, 1791\u20131796 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119723700433","volume":"49","author":"AN Vyotosh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vyotosh, A. N., Petrov, A. B., Kotova, A. S. & Tikhomirova, O. V. Possibilities and limitations on using sleep cycle smartphone apps for sleep analysis in sports practice. Hum. Physiol. 49, 663\u2013667 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"2432_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2025.100594","volume":"25","author":"A Lotzin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lotzin, A., Reinhardt, C., Barthelm\u00e4s, M. & Laskowsky, I. Feasibility of a breath robot intervention to reduce sleep problems in posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled study. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 25, 100594 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"2432_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2022.0362","volume":"20","author":"J Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao, J. et al. Efficacy and safety of pulse magnetic therapy system in insomnia disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry Investig. 20, 559\u2013566 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"2432_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, X. NeuroPal: A Clinically-Informed Multimodal LLM Assistant for Mental Health Combining Sleep Chronotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Reframing, and Adaptive Phytochemical Intervention. Preprint at arXiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2505.06640 (2025).","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2505.06640"},{"key":"2432_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FUTURE-AI: international consensus guideline for trustworthy and deployable artificial intelligence in healthcare. BMJ 388, 340 (2025).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.r340"},{"key":"2432_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2","volume":"620","author":"K Singhal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singhal, K., Azizi, S. & Tu, T. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 620, 172\u2013180 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2432_CR30","first-page":"22074","volume":"39","author":"K Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao, K., Tan, Z. & Ye, T. ScaleOT: Privacy-utility-scalable Offsite-tuning with Dynamic LayerReplace and Selective Rank Compression. Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell. 39, 22074\u201322082 (2025).","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"2432_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101817","volume":"103","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, L., Wang, P. & Yan, J. Real-world data medical knowledge graph: construction and applications. Artif. Intell. Med. 103, 101817 (2020).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Fang, Q. & Zhang, Z. Bayling: Bridging cross-lingual alignment and instruction following through interactive translation for large language models. preprint at arXiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2306.10968 (2023).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2306.10968"},{"key":"2432_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., Yu, H., Tan, C. & Yu, H. Enhanced Qwen-VL 7B Model via Instruction Finetuning on Chinese Medical Dataset. In Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Eng. Appl. (ICCEA) 526\u2013530 (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEA62105.2024.10603938"},{"key":"2432_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03726-3","volume":"31","author":"M Tordjman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tordjman, M., Liu, Z. & Yuce, M. Comparative benchmarking of the DeepSeek large language model on medical tasks and clinical reasoning. Nat. Med. 31, 2550\u20132555 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakka, C., Shad, R. & Chaurasia, A. Almanac-retrieval-augmented language models for clinical medicine. Nejm AI 1 (2024).","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2300068"},{"key":"2432_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s44401-024-00004-1","volume":"2","author":"R Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, R., Ning, Y. & Keppo, E. Retrieval-augmented generation for generative artificial intelligence in health care. npj Health Syst. 2, 2 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Health Syst."},{"key":"2432_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"43","author":"L Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, L., Yu, W. & Ma, W. A survey on hallucination in large language models: Principles, taxonomy, challenges, and open questions. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 43, 1\u201355 (2025).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"2432_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv189","volume":"23","author":"JC Mandel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mandel, J. C., Kreda, D. A., Mandl, K. D., Kohane, I. S. & Ramoni, R. B. SMART on FHIR: a standards-based, interoperable apps platform for electronic health records. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 23, 899\u2013908 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc."},{"key":"2432_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024221118411","volume":"63","author":"L Carmi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carmi, L., Zohar, M. & Riva, G. M. The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in mHealth: Theoretical and practical aspects for practitioners\u2019 use. Med. Sci. Law 63, 61\u201368 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"2432_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00323-1","volume":"3","author":"N Rieke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rieke, N. et al. The future of digital health with federated learning. npj Digit. Med. 3, 119 (2020).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00426-2","volume":"4","author":"V Nittas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nittas, V., Daniore, P., Chavez, S. J. & Wray, T. B. Challenges in implementing cultural adaptations of digital health interventions. Commun. Med. 4, 7 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00324-0","volume":"3","author":"S Benjamens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benjamens, S., Dhunnoo, P. & Mesk\u00f3, B. The state of artificial intelligence-based FDA-approved medical devices and algorithms: an online database. npj Digit. Med. 3, 118 (2020).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30292-2","volume":"3","author":"UJ Muehlematter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muehlematter, U. J., Daniore, P. & Vokinger, K. N. Approval of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based medical devices in the USA and Europe (2015\u201320): a comparative analysis. Lancet Digit. Health 3, e195\u2013e203 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"2432_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45355-3","volume":"15","author":"APL Martindale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martindale, A. P. L. et al. Concordance of randomised controlled trials for artificial intelligence interventions with the CONSORT-AI reporting guidelines. Nat. Commun. 15, 1619 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2432_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01674-3","volume":"8","author":"JT Rosenthal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rosenthal, J. T., Beecy, A. & Sabuncu, M. R. Rethinking clinical trials for medical AI with dynamic deployments of adaptive systems. npj Digit. Med. 8, 252 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2432_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00910-x","volume":"5","author":"R Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh, R., Paxton, M. & Auclair, J. Regulating the AI-enabled ecosystem for human therapeutics. Commun. Med. 5, 181 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Med."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02432-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02432-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02432-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:17:20Z","timestamp":1773836240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02432-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02432-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"\"Hang Hao Meng\" is a non-profit research collaboration between the Mental Health Center affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Alipay Healthcare. The authors declare that no user health data is used for in commercial financial products or services. Dr. Mao contributed to clinical logic design but was recused from validation activities to support independent assessment. Shuai Zhen, Tao Sun, and Junwei Liu are employees of Ant Group and serve as computing engineers. Their roles were confined to the development of the AI agent and system architecture as specified in the Author Contributions, and they were not involved in the broader study design conception, clinical outcome selection, or the statistical analysis.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"232"}}