{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:45:38Z","timestamp":1776059138668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82471995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82441010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82441010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["JQ22013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ22013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02489-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T03:55:44Z","timestamp":1772682944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence-enabled ultrasound diagnosis and stratification of follicular thyroid neoplasms: a multi-center study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jianming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuancheng","family":"Cang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin xue","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ligang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoding","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runqin","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changsong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weide","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2489_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.26348","volume":"331","author":"L Boucai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boucai, L., Zafereo, M. & Cabanillas, M. E. Thyroid cancer: a review. JAMA 331, 425\u2013435 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2489_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2022.0040","volume":"20","author":"RI Haddad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haddad, R. I. et al. Thyroid carcinoma, version 2.2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J. Natl. Compr. Canc Netw. 20, 925\u2013951 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc Netw."},{"key":"2489_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0424","volume":"32","author":"D Matsuura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuura, D. et al. Follicular and hurthle cell carcinoma: comparison of clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes. Thyroid 32, 245\u2013254 (2022).","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2489_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230949","volume":"309","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. US risk stratification system for follicular thyroid neoplasms. Radiology 309, e230949 (2023).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2489_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00041-8","volume":"3","author":"S Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng, S. et al. Deep learning-based artificial intelligence model to assist thyroid nodule diagnosis and management: a multicentre diagnostic study. Lancet Digit Health 3, e250\u2013e259 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"2489_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18497-3","volume":"11","author":"J Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. Lymph node metastasis prediction of papillary thyroid carcinoma based on transfer learning radiomics. Nat. Commun. 11, 4807 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2489_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0132","volume":"33","author":"D Toro-Tobon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toro-Tobon, D. et al. Artificial intelligence in thyroidology: a narrative review of the current applications, associated challenges, and future directions. Thyroid 33, 903\u2013917 (2023).","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2489_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lu, W., Xu, L., Xu, H. & Kong, D. Deep learning-based ultrasound diagnostic model for follicular thyroid carcinoma. Eur. Radiol. 36, 357\u2013366 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11840-6"},{"key":"2489_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-024-01244-1","volume":"24","author":"W Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, W. et al. The value of a neural network based on multi-scale feature fusion to ultrasound images for the differentiation in thyroid follicular neoplasms. BMC Med. Imaging 24, 74 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"2489_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103351","volume":"86","author":"H Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen, H. et al. Artificial intelligence-augmented ultrasound diagnosis of follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms: a multicenter retrospective study. EClinicalMedicine 86, 103351 (2025).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2489_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000506","volume":"109","author":"Z Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Z. et al. Automated diagnosis and management of follicular thyroid nodules based on the devised small-dataset interpretable foreground optimization network deep learning: a multicenter diagnostic study. Int. J. Surg. 109, 2732\u20132741 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"2489_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh101","volume":"159","author":"MS Pepe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pepe, M. S., Janes, H., Longton, G., Leisenring, W. & Newcomb, P. Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159, 882\u2013890 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2489_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7417.716","volume":"327","author":"T-W Loong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Loong, T.-W. Understanding sensitivity and specificity with the right side of the brain. BMJ 327, 716\u2013719 (2003).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2489_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2006.10.014","volume":"44","author":"DJ Rubens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rubens, D. J., Bhatt, S., Nedelka, S. & Cullinan, J. Doppler artifacts and pitfalls. Radio. Clin. North Am. 44, 805\u2013835 (2006).","journal-title":"Radio. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"2489_CR15","unstructured":"Gadgil, S. U., Endo, M., Wen, E., et al. CheXseg: combining expert annotations with DNN-generated saliency maps for X-ray segmentation. Medical Imaging with Deep Learning 190\u2013204 (2021)."},{"key":"2489_CR16","first-page":"1097","volume":"10","author":"H Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen, H. et al. Noninvasive deep learning system for preoperative diagnosis of follicular-like thyroid neoplasms using ultrasound images: a multicenter, retrospective study. Ann. Surg. 10, 1097 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"2489_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.0386","volume":"2","author":"YE Nikiforov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nikiforov, Y. E. et al. Nomenclature revision for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a paradigm shift to reduce overtreatment of indolent tumors. JAMA Oncol. 2, 1023\u20131029 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"2489_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0616","volume":"31","author":"R Chung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chung, R. et al. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: epidemiology and long-term outcomes in a strictly defined cohort. Thyroid 31, 68\u201375 (2021).","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2489_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10985-0","volume":"35","author":"W Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, W. et al. Deep learning model based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound for predicting vessels encapsulating tumor clusters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur. Radio. 35, 989\u20131000 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. Radio."},{"key":"2489_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. in 2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 11966\u201311976 (IEEE, 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01167"},{"key":"2489_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. & Sun, J. in 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 770\u2013778 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"2489_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, S., Girshick, R., Doll\u00e1r, P., Tu, Z. & He, K. in 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 5987\u20135995 (IEEE, 2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.634"},{"key":"2489_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandler, M., Howard, A., Zhu, M., Zhmoginov, A. & Chen, L. C. MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks. (IEEE, 2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"2489_CR24","unstructured":"Vaswani, A. et al. Attention is all you need. Adv. Neural. Info. Process. Syst. 30 (2017)."},{"key":"2489_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Swin transformer: Hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows. 10012-10022 (IEEE\/CVF, 2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"2489_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191","volume":"22","author":"SJ Pan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q. A survey on transfer learning. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 22, 1345\u20131359 (2010).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"2489_CR27","unstructured":"Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A. & Chintala, S. PyTorch: an imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. Adv. Neural. Info. Process. Syst. 32 (2019)."},{"key":"2489_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J. et al. in 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 248\u2013255 (IEEE, 2009).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"2489_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06595-w","volume":"30","author":"L-Y Xue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xue, L.-Y. et al. Transfer learning radiomics based on multimodal ultrasound imaging for staging liver fibrosis. Eur. Radio. 30, 2973\u20132983 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Radio."},{"key":"2489_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding, K., Xiao, N. & Toh, K.-C. Adam-family methods with decoupled weight decay in deep learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2310.08858 (2023).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2310.08858"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02489-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02489-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02489-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:56:13Z","timestamp":1776056173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02489-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02489-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"313"}}