{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:02:39Z","timestamp":1780452159491,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["992431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["992431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02525-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:47:21Z","timestamp":1775479641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating a digital serious game for learning medical terminology in a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Khalil","family":"Kimiafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyedeh Fatemeh","family":"Mousavi Baigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Sarbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davood","family":"Sobhani-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Darroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Marouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Mohammad","family":"Tabatabaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Khadem Rezaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Sohrabi-Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12547","volume":"14","author":"S Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, S., Fisher, J. & Goff, I. MediLex: the medical jargon-busting game. Clin. Teach. 14, 273\u2013278 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Teach."},{"key":"2525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00273.2023","volume":"48","author":"BLM Del Moral","year":"2024","unstructured":"Del Moral, B. L. M., VanPutte, C. L. & McCracken, B. A. The use of role-play in the learning of medical terminology for online and face-to-face courses. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 48, 578\u2013587 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02204-3","volume":"20","author":"AH Seidlein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seidlein, A. H., Bettin, H., Franikowski, P. & Salloch, S. Gamified e-learning in medical terminology: the TERMInator tool. BMC Med. Educ. 20, 284 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.35","volume":"1","author":"EM Bergman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bergman, E. M., Prince, K. J., Drukker, J., van der Vleuten, C. P. & Scherpbier, A. J. How much anatomy is enough?. Anat. Sci. Educ. 1, 184\u2013188 (2008).","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01798-9","volume":"33","author":"CR Madan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madan, C. R. Using evidence-based learning strategies to improve medical education. Med. Sci. Educ. 33, 773\u2013776 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-018-1562-x","volume":"12","author":"YV Lysanets","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lysanets, Y. V. & Bieliaieva, O. M. The use of Latin terminology in medical case reports: quantitative, structural, and thematic analysis. J. Med. Case Rep. 12, 45 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"2525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5172\/ijpl.2012.7.2.122","volume":"7","author":"A Mueller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mueller, A. Research-based design of a medical vocabulary videogame. Int. J. Pedagog. Learn. 7, 122\u2013134 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pedagog. Learn."},{"key":"2525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20537","volume":"23","author":"SA Ishak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ishak, S. A., Din, R. & Hasran, U. A. Defining digital game-based learning for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: a new perspective on design and developmental research. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e20537 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/45833","volume":"12","author":"Z Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. An evidence-based serious game app for public education on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res. Protoc. 12, e45833 (2023).","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"2525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16987","volume":"22","author":"P Phungoen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phungoen, P. et al. Precourse preparation using a serious smartphone game on advanced life support knowledge and skills: randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 22, e16987 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"2525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2024.100530","volume":"9","author":"A Capatina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Capatina, A., Juarez-Varon, D., Micu, A. & Micu, A. E. Leveling up in corporate training: unveiling the power of gamification to enhance knowledge retention, knowledge sharing, and job performance. J. Innov. Knowl. 9, 100530 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Innov. Knowl."},{"key":"2525_CR12","first-page":"13","volume":"4","author":"K Ghoulam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghoulam, K. & Bouikhalene, B. Evaluating the impact of gamification on cognitive skills development in higher education: a case study electronics and sensors learners. J. Inf. Technol. Educ. Res. 4, 13 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Educ. Res."},{"key":"2525_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.889975","volume":"13","author":"M Arias-Calder\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arias-Calder\u00f3n, M., Castro, J. & Gayol, S. Serious games as a method for enhancing learning engagement: student perception on online higher education during COVID-19. Front. Psychol. 13, 889975 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.2431","volume":"2","author":"LA Diehl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diehl, L. A. et al. InsuOnline, a serious game to teach insulin therapy to primary care physicians: design of the game and a randomized controlled trial for educational validation. JMIR Res. Protoc. 2, e5 (2013).","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"2525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1701-0","volume":"19","author":"S Felszeghy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Felszeghy, S. et al. Using online game-based platforms to improve student performance and engagement in histology teaching. BMC Med. Educ. 19, 273 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR16","first-page":"443","volume":"302","author":"M Sarbaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarbaz, M., Banaye Yazdipour, A., Mousavi Baigi, S. F., Darroudi, A. & Kimiafar, K. Use of digital games for educational purposes among medical and paramedical sciences students, Mashhad, Iran. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 302, 443\u2013447 (2023).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"2525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.645776","volume":"9","author":"L Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, L. et al. NEOGAMES: a serious computer game that improves long-term knowledge retention of neonatal resuscitation in undergraduate medical students. Front. Pediatr. 9, 645776 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"2525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1177\/10711813241260392","volume":"68","author":"SG Kanade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kanade, S. G., Hasanzadeh, S., Pitts, B., Esmaeili, B. & Duffy, V. G. Evaluating the effectiveness of game-based learning for long-term knowledge retention. Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet. 68, 805\u2013810 (2024).","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"2525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06464-1","volume":"24","author":"M Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, M., Shin, S., Lee, M. & Hong, E. Educational outcomes of digital serious games in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med. Educ. 24, 1458 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438718","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2018.1438718","volume":"23","author":"I Gorbanev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gorbanev, I. et al. A systematic review of serious games in medical education: quality of evidence and pedagogical strategy. Med. Educ. Online 23, 1438718 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Educ. Online"},{"key":"2525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1113682","volume":"11","author":"M Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, M. et al. Game-based learning in medical education. Front. Public Health 11, 1113682 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"2525_CR22","first-page":"508","volume":"60","author":"SFM Baigi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baigi, S. F. M., Aval, R. N., Sarbaz, M. & Kimiafar, K. Evaluation tools for digital educational games: a systematic review. Acta Med. Iran. 60, 508\u2013512 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran."},{"key":"2525_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2286","volume":"16","author":"JW Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, J. W., Chong, D. K. S., Ng, K. B., Car, L. T. & Mogali, S. R. Rehearsal-based digital serious boardgame versus a game-free e-learning tool for anatomical education: Quasi-randomized controlled trial. Anat. Sci. Educ. 16, 830\u2013842 (2023).","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR24","first-page":"51","volume":"295","author":"SF Mousavi Baigi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mousavi Baigi, S. F., Sarbaz, M., Marouzi, P. & Kimiafar, K. Evaluating the impact of digital game on learning medical terminology of paramedical students: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 295, 51\u201354 (2022).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"2525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03286-3","volume":"23","author":"LR Amir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amir, L. R. et al. Serious game as oral histology learning strategy for undergraduate dental students: crossover randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral. Health 23, 585 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Oral. Health"},{"key":"2525_CR26","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. (Harper & Row, 1990)."},{"key":"2525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.045","volume":"54","author":"J Hamari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamari, J. et al. Challenging games help students learn: an empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning. Comput. Hum. Behav. 54, 170\u2013179 (2016).","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"2525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. Self-determination theory. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research 6229\u20136235. (Springer, 2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17299-1_2630"},{"key":"2525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","volume":"11","author":"EL Deci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol. Inq. 11, 227\u2013268 (2000).","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"2525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-021-00587-5","volume":"31","author":"J Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zhou, K. & Ding, Y. Digital games-based learning pedagogy enhances the quality of medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia Pac. Educ. Res. 31, 451\u2013462 (2022).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Educ. Res."},{"key":"2525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01787-y","volume":"33","author":"BT Demir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demir, B. T., E\u015fme, S., Patat, D. & Bileceno\u011flu, B. The effect of mobile applied anatomy learning on students\u2019 academic success, cognitive loads and attitudes. Med. Sci. Educ. 33, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32898","volume":"10","author":"EA Abou Hashish","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abou Hashish, E. A., Al Najjar, H., Alharbi, M., Alotaibi, M. & Alqahtany, M. M. Faculty and students\u2019 perspectives towards game-based learning in health sciences higher education. Heliyon 10, e32898 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25637","DOI":"10.2196\/25637","volume":"9","author":"AE Van Gaalen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Gaalen, A. E., Jaarsma, A. D. & Georgiadis, J. R. Medical students\u2019 perceptions of play and learning: a qualitative study with focus groups and thematic analysis. JMIR Serious Games 9, e25637 (2021).","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"2525_CR34","unstructured":"Health and Care Professions Council. Standards of Proficiency for Biomedical Scientists (Health and Care Professions Council, 2023)."},{"key":"2525_CR35","unstructured":"Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Subject Benchmark Statement: Biomedical Science and Biomedical Sciences. 5th edn. (QAA, Gloucester, 2023)."},{"key":"2525_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13598","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2024.13598","volume":"81","author":"S Scott","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scott, S., Millar, B. C. & McClean, S. Education and training in biomedical science. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 81, 13598 (2024).","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"2525_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/TIN.0000000000000290","volume":"37","author":"SF Baigi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baigi, S. F., Moradi, F., Vasseifard, F., Abadi, F. M. & Habibi, M. R. The effect of nutrition training on knowledge of students at a university of medical sciences. Top. Clin. Nutr. 37, 236\u2013241 (2022).","journal-title":"Top. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2525_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71046","volume":"8","author":"SF Mousavi Baigi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mousavi Baigi, S. F., Sarbaz, M., Darroudi, A. & Kimiafar, K. Medical and paramedical students\u2019 perspectives on artificial intelligence in a low- and middle-income country: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci. Rep. 8, e71046 (2025).","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2525_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S464555","volume":"15","author":"FA Alrashed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alrashed, F. A. et al. Incorporating technology adoption in medical education: a qualitative study of medical students\u2019 perspectives. Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. 15, 615\u2013625 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Educ. Pract."},{"key":"2525_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02855-w","volume":"21","author":"L Jun Xin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jun Xin, L., Ahmad Hathim, A. A., Jing Yi, N., Reiko, A. & Noor Akmal Shareela, I. Digital learning in medical education: comparing experiences of Malaysian and Japanese students. BMC Med. Educ. 21, 418 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deeter, A. et al. For the love of the game: exploring student motivation in game-based learning environments. In Proc. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conf. (FIE) 1\u20135. (IEEE, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FIE61694.2024.10893400.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE61694.2024.10893400"},{"key":"2525_CR42","first-page":"390","volume":"18","author":"SF Mousavi Baigi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mousavi Baigi, S. F., Norouzi Aval, R., Sarbaz, M. & Kimiafar, K. Assessment of the quality of smartphone-based applications and games for teaching medical terminology using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS). Payavard Salama. 18, 390\u2013405 (2024).","journal-title":"Payavard Salama."},{"key":"2525_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052474","volume":"15","author":"T Al Habsi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al Habsi, T. et al. Are serious games an effective teaching tool in anatomy education? A systematic review. Appl. Sci. 15, 2474 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2525_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1783","volume":"23","author":"SA Julious","year":"2004","unstructured":"Julious, S. A. Sample sizes for clinical trials with normal data. Stat. Med. 23, 1921\u20131986 (2004).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"2525_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.03.017","volume":"87","author":"A Gauthier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gauthier, A., Corrin, M. & Jenkinson, J. Exploring the influence of game design on learning and voluntary use in an online vascular anatomy study aid. Comput. Educ. 87, 24\u201334 (2015).","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"2525_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nation I. S. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139524759"},{"key":"2525_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1362168808089921","volume":"12","author":"N Schmitt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmitt, N. Instructed second language vocabulary learning. Lang. Teach. Res. 12, 329\u2013363 (2008).","journal-title":"Lang. Teach. Res."},{"key":"2525_CR48","first-page":"35","volume":"6","author":"J Asher","year":"1984","unstructured":"Asher, J. Language by command: the Total Physical Response approach to learning language. Way Learn 6, 35 (1984).","journal-title":"Way Learn"},{"key":"2525_CR49","unstructured":"Chapelle, C. A. Computer Applications in Second Language Acquisition: Foundations for Teaching, Testing and Research (Cambridge University Press, 2003)."},{"key":"2525_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulstijn, J. H. Psycholinguistic perspectives on language and its acquisition. In International Handbook of English Language Teaching (eds Cummins, J. & Davison, C.) 783\u2013795 (Springer, 2007).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46301-8_52"},{"key":"2525_CR51","unstructured":"Brooke, J. SUS: a quick and dirty usability scale. In Usability Evaluation in Industry (eds Jordan, P. W., Thomas, B., McClelland, I. L. & Weerdmeester, B.) 189\u2013194 (Taylor & Francis, 1996)."},{"key":"2525_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desurvire, H. & Toth, J. A. Using heuristics to evaluate the playability of games. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1509\u20131512 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2004).","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986102"},{"key":"2525_CR53","first-page":"31","volume":"28","author":"G Petri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petri, G. & von Wangenheim, C. G. MEEGA+: a method for the evaluation of the quality of games for computing education. Proc. SBGames 28, 31 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. SBGames"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02525-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02525-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02525-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:02:36Z","timestamp":1780448556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02525-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02525-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"427"}}