{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:59:46Z","timestamp":1780617586683,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFA1011900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFA1011900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02612-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T12:19:20Z","timestamp":1775650760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EcoRxAgent: an AI agent for generating economically substitutable prescriptions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huantao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhuang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2612_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.2781","volume":"184","author":"GK Innes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Innes, G. K., Ogden, C. L., Crentsil, V., Concato, J. & Fakhouri, T. H. Prescription medication use among older adults in the US. JAMA Intern. Med. 184, 1121\u20131123 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"2612_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801981","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.801981","volume":"10","author":"H Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou, H. et al. Economic burden and quality of life of hepatocellular carcinoma in greater China: a systematic review. Front. Public Health 10, 801981 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"2612_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-03082-7","volume":"42","author":"Y Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Long-term clinical and economic effects of switching to once-weekly semaglutide from other GLP-1 RAs among patients with type 2 diabetes in China: a modeling projection study. Adv. Ther. 42, 904\u2013917 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"2612_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"A Tversky","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases: Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty. Science 185, 1124\u20131131 (1974).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2612_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30946-1","volume":"390","author":"P Glasziou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glasziou, P. et al. Evidence for underuse of effective medical services around the world. Lancet 390, 169\u2013177 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2612_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.60","volume":"10","author":"LE Rohde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rohde, L. E., Bertoldi, E. G., Goldraich, L. & Polanczyk, C. A. Cost-effectiveness of heart failure therapies. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 10, 338\u2013354 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"2612_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-025-01716-9","volume":"16","author":"Y Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Long-and short-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly Semaglutide versus Dulaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in China: A hypothetical modeling exercise. Diab. Ther. 16, 915\u2013929 (2025).","journal-title":"Diab. Ther."},{"key":"2612_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06792-0","volume":"624","author":"DA Boiko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boiko, D. A., MacKnight, R., Kline, B. & Gomes, G. Autonomous chemical research with large language models. Nature 624, 570\u2013578 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2612_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00832-8","volume":"6","author":"A M. Bran","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Bran, A. et al. Augmenting large language models with chemistry tools. Nat. Mach. Intell. 6, 525\u2013535 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2612_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8517","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC01101K","volume":"11","author":"JH Montoya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montoya, J. H. et al. Autonomous intelligent agents for accelerated materials discovery. Chem. Sci. 11, 8517\u20138532 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"2612_CR11","unstructured":"Bazgir, A., Chandra Praneeth Madugula, R. & Zhang, Y. MatAgent: a human-in-the-loop multi-agent LLM framework for accelerating the material science discovery cycle. In AI for Accelerated Materials Design - ICLR 2025 (2025)."},{"key":"2612_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01047-1","volume":"7","author":"BP de Almeida","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Almeida, B. P. et al. A multimodal conversational agent for DNA, RNA and protein tasks. Nat. Mach. Intell. 7, 928\u2013941 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2612_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02748-6","volume":"22","author":"Z Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. GeneAgent: Self-verification language agent for gene-set analysis using domain databases. Nat. Methods 22, 1677\u20131685 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2612_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, K. et al. SciToolAgent: a knowledge-graph-driven scientific agent for multitool integration. Nat. Comput. Sci. 1\u201311 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-025-00849-y"},{"key":"2612_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-025-00991-6","volume":"6","author":"D Ferber","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ferber, D. et al. Development and validation of an autonomous artificial intelligence agent for clinical decision-making in oncology. Nat. Cancer 6, 1337\u20131349 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"2612_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson, K., Wu, W., Bulaong, N. L., Pak, J. E. & Zou, J. The Virtual Lab of AI agents designs new SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies. Nature 1\u20138 (2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.11.623004"},{"key":"2612_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08866-7","volume":"642","author":"T Tu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tu, T. et al. Towards conversational diagnostic artificial intelligence. Nature 642, 442\u2013450 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2612_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58551-6","volume":"16","author":"K Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, K. et al. An automated framework for assessing how well LLMs cite relevant medical references. Nat. Commun. 16, 3615 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2612_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61329-5","volume":"16","author":"K Higgins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Higgins, K. et al. The Helicobacter pylori AI-clinician harnesses artificial intelligence to personalise h. pylori treatment recommendations. Nat. Commun. 16, 6472 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2612_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815585666","volume":"57","author":"MF Rayo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rayo, M. F. et al. Comparing the effectiveness of alerts and dynamically annotated visualizations (DAVS) in improving clinical decision making. Hum. factors 57, 1002\u20131014 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. factors"},{"key":"2612_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00745-6","volume":"19","author":"R Vanholder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vanholder, R. et al. Inequities in kidney health and kidney care. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 19, 694\u2013708 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"2612_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00711-w","volume":"8","author":"CE Owens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Owens, C. E. et al. The economic costs of precision medicine for clinical translational research among children with high-risk cancer. NPJ Precis. Oncol. 8, 224 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"2612_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann, P. J., Cohen, J. T. & Ollendorf, D. A.The right price: A value-based prescription for drug costs (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197512883.001.0001"},{"key":"2612_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Cost-effectiveness of community-based integrated care model for patients with diabetes and depressive symptoms. Nat. Commun. 16 2986 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58120-x"},{"key":"2612_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beede, E. et al. A human-centered evaluation of a deep learning system deployed in clinics for the detection of diabetic retinopathy. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1\u201312 (2020).","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376718"},{"key":"2612_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241646","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.241646","volume":"314","author":"EK Hong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hong, E. K. et al. Value of using a generative AI model in chest radiography reporting: a reader study. Radiology 314, e241646 (2025).","journal-title":"Radiology"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02612-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02612-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02612-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:06:20Z","timestamp":1780614380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02612-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02612-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"433"}}