{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:57:21Z","timestamp":1781085441656,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010146","name":"Alzheimer Forschung Initiative e.V.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIA"},{"name":"UW-Madison Department of Medicine Pilot Program Grant"},{"name":"Clinical Research, DZNE"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The slow progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) poses a challenge for the quantification of early disease-driven cognitive decline. Here, we show that frequently administered remote and unsupervised digital cognitive assessments can detect differences in cognitive decline within 30 weeks in early AD. The sample comprised 202 individuals (52\u201385 years old) recruited from longitudinal observational studies, who were cognitively unimpaired (CU,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009152) or had a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950). Participants self-administered remote tasks testing memory precision for objects and scenes, associative memory, and familiarity-dependent memory. The MCI group showed greater decline than the CU group in the familiarity-dependent task, while stratifying the MCI group by beta-amyloid (A\u03b2) status (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200921 A\u03b2\u2212;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924 A\u03b2+) revealed greater change in memory precision for objects and familiarity-dependent memory in the MCI A\u03b2+ group. A 30-week change in the remote familiarity-dependent task was correlated with a multi-year change in annual in-person neuropsychological assessments. In conclusion, frequent remote cognitive testing is a promising tool to feasibly capture and monitor subtle and short-term cognitive decline.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02731-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:02:05Z","timestamp":1781082125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smartphone-based detection of subtle memory decline in prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Polk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay R.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Basche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Kleineidam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzel","family":"Glanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Butryn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Perneczky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Buerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fliessbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Laske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Spottke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Wiltfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Teipel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayda","family":"Rostamzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Janowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris-Stephan","family":"Rauchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Kilimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sodenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Coenjaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Brosseron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Frommann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn H.","family":"Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sterling C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emrah","family":"D\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Berron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.4\/hjahn","volume":"15","author":"H Jahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jahn, H. Memory loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15, 445\u2013454 (2013).","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"2731_CR2","volume":"7","author":"A Mank","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mank, A. et al. Identifying relevant outcomes in the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease; what do patients and care partners want to know about prognosis? Alzheimers Dement. 7, e12189 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0381-0","volume":"33","author":"S Evans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans, S. et al. The importance of endpoint selection: How effective does a drug need to be for success in a clinical trial of a possible Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment? Eur. J. Epidemiol. 33, 635\u2013644 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2731_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12773","volume":"19","author":"RJ Jutten","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jutten, R. J. et al. Why a clinical trial is as good as its outcome measure: a framework for the selection and use of cognitive outcome measures for clinical trials of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 19, 708\u2013720 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR5","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: developing drugs for treatment. Guidance for industry. (2024)."},{"key":"2731_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000934","volume":"27","author":"RJ Jutten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jutten, R. J. et al. Identifying sensitive measures of cognitive decline at different clinical stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 27, 426\u2013438 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"2731_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.803","volume":"71","author":"MC Donohue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Donohue, M. C. et al. The preclinical alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline. JAMA Neurol. 71, 961 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"2731_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215098","volume":"86","author":"RJ Jutten","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jutten, R. J. et al. A Neuropsychological perspective on defining cognitive impairment in the clinical study of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: towards a more continuous approach. J. Alzheimers Dis. 86, 511\u2013524 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2731_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110557","volume":"27","author":"M Didic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Didic, M. et al. Which memory system is impaired first in Alzheimer\u2019s disease? J. Alzheimers Dis. 27, 11\u201322 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2731_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01583-5","volume":"8","author":"SE Polk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Polk, S. E. et al. A scoping review of remote and unsupervised digital cognitive assessments in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Npj Digit. Med. 8, 266 (2025).","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"2731_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6hman, F., Hassenstab, J., Berron, D., Sch\u00f6ll, M. & Papp, K. V. Current advances in digital cognitive assessment for preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 13, e12217 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12217"},{"key":"2731_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03475-9","volume":"31","author":"PM Butler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Butler, P. M. et al. Smartwatch- and smartphone-based remote assessment of brain health and detection of mild cognitive impairment. Nat. Med. 31, 829\u2013839 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2731_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.758031","volume":"3","author":"ES Cerino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cerino, E. S. et al. Variability in cognitive performance on mobile devices is sensitive to mild cognitive impairment: results from the Einstein aging study. Front. Digit. Health 3, 758031 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"2731_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561772200042X","volume":"29","author":"J Nicosia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicosia, J. et al. Unsupervised high-frequency smartphone-based cognitive assessments are reliable, valid, and feasible in older adults at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 29, 459\u2013471 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"2731_CR15","first-page":"e12283","volume":"14","author":"LI Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson, L. I. et al. A highly feasible, reliable, and fully remote protocol for mobile app-based cognitive assessment in cognitively healthy older adults. Alzheimers Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit. 14, e12283 (2022).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"2731_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","volume":"20","author":"CR Jack","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. et al. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Alzheimer\u2019s association workgroup. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 5143\u20135169 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","volume":"7","author":"DS Knopman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knopman, D. S. et al. Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer 7, 33 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"2731_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107976","volume":"160","author":"X Grande","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grande, X., Berron, D., Maass, A., Bainbridge, W. A. & D\u00fczel, E. Content-specific vulnerability of recent episodic memories in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 160, 107976 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2731_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","volume":"70","author":"H Braak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braak, H., Thal, D. R., Ghebremedhin, E. & Del Tredici, K. Stages of the pathologic process in alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 70, 960\u2013969 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2731_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.028","volume":"89","author":"M Sch\u00f6ll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6ll, M. et al. PET imaging of tau deposition in the aging human brain. Neuron 89, 971\u2013982 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2731_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","volume":"82","author":"H Braak","year":"1991","unstructured":"Braak, H. & Braak, E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82, 239\u2013259 (1991).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2731_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004643","volume":"89","author":"MJ Grothe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grothe, M. J. et al. In vivo staging of regional amyloid deposition. Neurology 89, 2031\u20132038 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2731_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01150-x","volume":"8","author":"S Palmqvist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmqvist, S. et al. Earliest accumulation of \u03b2-amyloid occurs within the default-mode network and concurrently affects brain connectivity. Nat. Commun. 8, 1214 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2731_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2214","volume":"76","author":"N Mattsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mattsson, N., Palmqvist, S., Stomrud, E., Vogel, J. & Hansson, O. Staging \u03b2 -amyloid pathology with amyloid positron emission tomography. JAMA Neurol 76, 1319 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2731_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","volume":"58","author":"DR Thal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thal, D. R., R\u00fcb, U., Orantes, M. & Braak, H. Phases of A\u03b2-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 58, 1791\u20131800 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2731_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152882","volume":"319","author":"A Bakker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bakker, A., Kirwan, C. B., Miller, M. & Stark, C. E. L. Pattern separation in the human hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus. Science 319, 1640\u20131642 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2731_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yassa, M. A. et al. Pattern separation deficits associated with increased hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus activity in nondemented older adults. Hippocampus https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.20808 (2010).","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20808"},{"key":"2731_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0518-16.2016","volume":"36","author":"D Berron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berron, D. et al. Strong evidence for pattern separation in human dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci. 36, 7569\u20137579 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2731_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz154","volume":"142","author":"A Maass","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maass, A. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s pathology targets distinct memory networks in the ageing brain. Brain 142, 2492\u20132509 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2731_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.030","volume":"65","author":"D Berron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berron, D. et al. Age-related functional changes in domain-specific medial temporal lobe pathways. Neurobiol. Aging 65, 86\u201397 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"2731_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1279-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"D Berron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berron, D. et al. Higher CSF tau levels are related to hippocampal hyperactivity and object mnemonic discrimination in older adults. J. Neurosci. 39, 8788\u20138797 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2731_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8100","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0722-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"X Grande","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grande, X. et al. Holistic recollection via pattern completion involves hippocampal subfield CA3. J. Neurosci. 39, 8100\u20138111 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2731_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.11.017","volume":"81","author":"JP Neunuebel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neunuebel, J. P. & Knierim, J. J. CA3 retrieves coherent representations from degraded input: direct evidence for CA3 pattern completion and dentate gyrus pattern separation. Neuron 81, 416\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2731_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20834","volume":"21","author":"E D\u00fczel","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u00fczel, E., Sch\u00fctze, H., Yonelinas, A. P. & Heinze, H. Functional phenotyping of successful aging in long-term memory: preserved performance in the absence of neural compensation. Hippocampus 21, 803\u2013814 (2011).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2731_CR35","first-page":"782","volume":"10","author":"E D\u00fczel","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00fczel, E. et al. CSF total tau levels are associated with hippocampal novelty irrespective of hippocampal volume. Alzheimers Dement. 10, 782\u2013790 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab405","volume":"145","author":"E D\u00fczel","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u00fczel, E. et al. Amyloid pathology but not APOE \u03b54 status is permissive for tau-related hippocampal dysfunction. Brain 145, 1473\u20131485 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2731_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53360-9","volume":"15","author":"N Vockert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vockert, N. et al. Cognitive reserve against Alzheimer\u2019s pathology is linked to brain activity during memory formation. Nat. Commun. 15, 9815 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2731_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131205798","volume":"98","author":"E D\u00fczel","year":"2001","unstructured":"D\u00fczel, E., Vargha-Khadem, F., Heinze, H. J. & Mishkin, M. Brain activity evidence for recognition without recollection after early hippocampal damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8101\u20138106 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2731_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16382","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705273104","volume":"104","author":"B Bowles","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bowles, B. et al. Impaired familiarity with preserved recollection after anterior temporal-lobe resection that spares the hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 16382\u201316387 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2731_CR40","first-page":"668","volume":"3","author":"KV Papp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papp, K. V., Rentz, D. M., Orlovsky, I., Sperling, R. A. & Mormino, E. C. Optimizing the preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s cognitive composite with semantic processing: the PACC5. Alzheimers Dement. 3, 668\u2013677 (2017).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000228244.10416.20","volume":"67","author":"PA Boyle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boyle, P. A., Wilson, R. S., Aggarwal, N. T., Tang, Y. & Bennett, D. A. Mild cognitive impairment: risk of Alzheimer disease and rate of cognitive decline. Neurology 67, 441\u2013445 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2731_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcae031","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae031","volume":"6","author":"F St-Onge","year":"2023","unstructured":"St-Onge, F., Chapleau, M., Breitner, J. C. S., Villeneuve, S. & Pichet Binette, A. Tau accumulation and its spatial progression across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease spectrum. Brain Commun. 6, fcae031 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"2731_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Russo, M. J. et al. Recognition memory in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: a systematic review. Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2025.2610375 (2026).","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2025.2610375"},{"key":"2731_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0314-2","volume":"10","author":"F Jessen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jessen, F. et al. Design and first baseline data of the DZNE multicenter observational study on predementia Alzheimer\u2019s disease (DELCODE). Alzheimers Res. Ther. 10, 15 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2731_CR45","first-page":"130","volume":"10","author":"SC Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, S. C. et al. The Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s prevention: a review of findings and current directions. Alzheimers Dement. 10, 130\u2013142 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samaroo, A. et al. Diminished learning over repeated exposures (LORE) in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 12, e12132 (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12132"},{"key":"2731_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab114","volume":"144","author":"D Berron","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berron, D. et al. Early stages of tau pathology and its associations with functional connectivity, atrophy and memory. Brain 144, 2771\u20132783 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2731_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.6.1158","volume":"52","author":"A Delacourte","year":"1999","unstructured":"Delacourte, A. et al. The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 52, 1158\u20131158 (1999).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2731_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leuzy, A. et al. REAL AD\u2014validation of a realistic screening approach for early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.14219 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14219"},{"key":"2731_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.012","volume":"13","author":"JL Molinuevo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molinuevo, J. L. et al. Implementation of subjective cognitive decline criteria in research studies. Alzheimers Dement. 13, 296\u2013311 (2017).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM McKhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKhann, G. M. et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 263\u2013269 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","volume":"7","author":"MS Albert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albert, M. S. et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 270\u2013279 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morgado, B. et al. Assessment of immunoprecipitation with subsequent immunoassays for the blood-based diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01751-2 (2024) .","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01751-2"},{"key":"2731_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e228392","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.8392","volume":"5","author":"Y Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Assessment of a plasma amyloid probability score to estimate amyloid positron emission tomography findings among adults with cognitive impairment. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e228392 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2731_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12204","volume":"17","author":"C Van Hulle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Hulle, C. et al. An examination of a novel multipanel of CSF biomarkers in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical and pathological continuum. Alzheimers Dement. 17, 431\u2013445 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2731_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. lavaan : an R package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw. 48, 1\u201336 (2012).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"2731_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.892997","volume":"4","author":"D Berron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berron, D. et al. Feasibility of digital memory assessments in an unsupervised and remote study setting. Front. Digit. Health 4, 892997 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"2731_CR58","unstructured":"Posit team. RStudio: integrated development environment for R. Posit Software, PBC (2023)."},{"key":"2731_CR59","unstructured":"R. Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing (2023)."},{"key":"2731_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"2731_CR61","unstructured":"Lenth, R. emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (2024)."},{"key":"2731_CR62","unstructured":"Powell, M. J. D. The BOBYQA Algorithm for Bound Constrained Optimization without Derivatives. (2009)."},{"key":"2731_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. Mini-mental state. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12, 189\u2013198 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"2731_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 695\u2013699 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"2731_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.11.1356","volume":"141","author":"WG Rosen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosen, W. G., Mohs, R. C. & Davis, K. L. A new rating scale for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 1356\u20131364 (1984).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2731_CR66","first-page":"266","volume":"51","author":"E Grober","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grober, E., Ocepek-Welikson, K. & Teresi, J. A. The free and cued selective reminding test: evidence of psychometric adequacy. Psychol. Sci. Q. 51, 266\u2013282 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Q."},{"key":"2731_CR67","unstructured":"Schmidt, M. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (Western Psychological Services, 1996)."},{"key":"2731_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith, A. Symbol digit modalities test. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t27513-000 (1973).","DOI":"10.1037\/t27513-000"},{"key":"2731_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","volume":"8","author":"RM Reitan","year":"1958","unstructured":"Reitan, R. M. Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept. Mot. Skills 8, 271\u2013276 (1958).","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"2731_CR70","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2013Revised (Harcourt Brace & Co. for The Psychological Corporation, 1981)."},{"key":"2731_CR71","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. for the Psychological Corporation, 1987)."},{"key":"2731_CR72","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) (Pearson Assessments, 2009)."},{"key":"2731_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000223","volume":"32","author":"S Weintraub","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weintraub, S. et al. Version 3 of the Alzheimer disease centers\u2019 neuropsychological test battery in the uniform data set (UDS). Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 32, 10\u201317 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02731-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02731-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02731-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:02:24Z","timestamp":1781082144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-026-02731-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-026-02731-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"D.B. and E.D. are scientific co-founders and part-time employees of neotiv GmbH and own company shares. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"402"}}