{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:14:28Z","timestamp":1780103668419,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Mach Intell"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0052-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T21:51:58Z","timestamp":1557784318000},"page":"236-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Pathologist-level interpretable whole-slide cancer diagnosis with deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Zizhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mason","family":"McGough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyong","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunbao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanpu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasreman","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazeel","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah K.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh I.","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzheng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"52_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.03.021","volume":"184","author":"F Brimo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brimo, F., Schultz, L. & Epstein, J. I. The value of mandatory second opinion pathology review of prostate needle biopsy interpretation before radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 184, 126\u2013130 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"52_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1405","volume":"313","author":"JG Elmore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elmore, J. G. et al. Diagnostic concordance among pathologists interpreting breast biopsy specimens. JAMA 313, 1122\u20131132 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"52_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-017-0022-1","volume":"1","author":"U Djuric","year":"2017","unstructured":"Djuric, U., Zadeh, G., Aldape, K. & Diamandis, P. Precision histology: how deep learning is poised to revitalize histomorphology for personalized cancer care. npj Precis. Oncol. 1, 22 (2017).","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"52_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. & Hinton, G. Deep learning. Nature 521, 436\u2013444 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"52_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056","volume":"542","author":"A Esteva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esteva, A. et al. Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 542, 115\u2013118 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"52_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0195-0","volume":"2","author":"R Poplin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poplin, R. et al. Prediction of cardiovascular risk factors from retinal fundus photographs via deep learning. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 158\u2013164 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"52_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14585","volume":"318","author":"BE Bejnordi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bejnordi, B. E. et al. Diagnostic assessment of deep learning algorithms for detection of lymph node metastases in women with breast cancer. JAMA 318, 2199\u20132210 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"52_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26286","volume":"6","author":"G Litjens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Litjens, G. et al. Deep learning as a tool for increased accuracy and efficiency of histopathological diagnosis. Sci. Rep. 6, 26286 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"52_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177544","volume":"12","author":"T Ara\u00fajo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, T. et al. Classification of breast cancer histology images using convolutional neural networks. PloS ONE 12, e0177544 (2017).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"52_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1685-x","volume":"18","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Large scale tissue histopathology image classification, segmentation, and visualization via deep convolutional activation features. BMC Bioinformatics 18, 281 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"52_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90719","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21819","volume":"8","author":"H Yoshida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoshida, H. et al. Automated histological classification of whole slide images of colorectal biopsy specimens. Oncotarget 8, 90719 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"52_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04075-z","volume":"7","author":"Z Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, Z. et al. Breast cancer multi-classification from histopathological images with structured deep learning model. Sci. Rep. 7, 4172 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"52_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, L. et al. Patch-based convolutional neural network for whole slide tissue image classification. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2424\u20132433 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.266"},{"key":"52_CR14","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Biemann, C., Pattichis, C. S. & Kell, D. B. What do we need to build explainable AI systems for the medical domain? Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1712.09923 (2017)."},{"key":"52_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1145\/3236386.3241340","volume":"16","author":"ZC Lipton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lipton, Z. C. The mythos of model interpretability. Queue. 16, 30 (2018).","journal-title":"Queue"},{"key":"52_CR16","first-page":"31","volume":"10","author":"E Pasin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pasin, E., Josephson, D. Y., Mitra, A. P., Cote, R. J. & Stein, J. P. Superficial bladder cancer: an update on etiology, molecular development, classification, and natural history. Rev. Urol. 10, 31\u201343 (2008).","journal-title":"Rev. Urol."},{"key":"52_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M. & Magi-Galluzzi, C. Genitourinary Pathology (Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology, Saunders, 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2044-0"},{"key":"52_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.028","volume":"70","author":"PA Humphrey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Humphrey, P. A., Moch, H., Cubilla, A. L., Ulbright, T. M. & Reuter, V. E. The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs\u2014Part B: Prostate and bladder tumours. Eur. Urol. 70, 106\u2013119 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"52_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T. & Zhu, W.-J. BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics 311\u2013318 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2002).","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"52_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vedantam, R., Lawrence Zitnick, C. & Parikh, D. CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 4566\u20134575 (IEEE, 2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299087"},{"key":"52_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpathy, A. & Fei-Fei, L. Deep visual\u2013semantic alignments for generating image descriptions. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 3128\u20133137 (IEEE, 2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298932"},{"key":"52_CR22","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"Lvd Maaten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maaten, Lvd & Hinton, G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 2579\u20132605 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"52_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2009.02477.x","volume":"60","author":"H Miyamoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miyamoto, H. et al. Non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms: the 2004 WHO\/ISUP classification system. Pathol. Int. 60, 1\u20138 (2010).","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"52_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P. & Brox, T. U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-assisted Intervention 234\u2013241 (Springer, 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"52_CR25","unstructured":"Xu, K. et al. Show, attend and tell: neural image caption generation with visual attention. In International Conference on Machine Learning, 2048\u20132057 (JMLR, 2015)."},{"key":"52_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy, C., Vanhoucke, V., Ioffe, S., Shlens, J. & Wojna, Z. Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2818\u20132826 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"52_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J. et al. Imagenet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 248\u2013255 (IEEE, 2009).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"52_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, J., Johnson, J., Krishna, R. & Fei-Fei, L. A hierarchical approach for generating descriptive image paragraphs. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.06607 (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.356"},{"key":"52_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S. & Schmidhuber, J. Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9, 1735\u20131780 (1997).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"52_CR30","unstructured":"Bahdanau, D., Cho, K. & Bengio, Y. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1409.0473 (2016)."},{"key":"52_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Khosla, A., Lapedriza, A., Oliva, A. & Torralba, A. Learning deep features for discriminative localization. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2921\u20132929 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.319"},{"key":"52_CR32","unstructured":"Abadi, M. et al. Tensorflow: a system for large-scale machine learning. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation Vol. 16 265\u2013283 (USENIX Association, 2016)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0082-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000}},{"DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0062-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000}}],"container-title":["Nature Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-019-0052-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-019-0052-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-019-0052-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T19:38:35Z","timestamp":1671305915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-019-0052-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["52"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0052-1","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0062-z","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0082-8","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2522-5839"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5839","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2019","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2019","order":7,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":8,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}