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While local XAI methods explain individual predictions in the form of attribution maps, thereby identifying \u2018where\u2019 important features occur (but not providing information about \u2018what\u2019 they represent), global explanation techniques visualize what concepts a model has generally learned to encode. Both types of method thus provide only partial insights and leave the burden of interpreting the model\u2019s reasoning to the user. Here we introduce the Concept Relevance Propagation (CRP) approach, which combines the local and global perspectives and thus allows answering both the \u2018where\u2019 and \u2018what\u2019 questions for individual predictions. We demonstrate the capability of our method in various settings, showcasing that CRP leads to more human interpretable explanations and provides deep insights into the model\u2019s representation and reasoning through concept atlases, concept-composition analyses, and quantitative investigations of concept subspaces and their role in fine-grained decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00711-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T16:02:23Z","timestamp":1695225743000},"page":"1006-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["From attribution maps to human-understandable explanations through Concept Relevance Propagation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0052-3836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reduan","family":"Achtibat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Eisenbraun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Samek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Lapuschkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. & Hinton, G. 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