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Determining the optimal balance between exploration and exploitation is computationally intractable, necessitating heuristic solutions. Here we show that the electric fish\n                    <jats:italic>Eigenmannia virescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    uses a salience-dependent mode-switching strategy to solve the explore\u2013exploit conflict during a refuge-tracking task in which the same category of movement (fore-aft swimming) is used for both gathering information and achieving task goals. The fish produced distinctive non-Gaussian distributions of movement velocities characterized by sharp peaks for slower, task-oriented \u2018exploit\u2019 movements and broad shoulders for faster \u2018explore\u2019 movements. The measures of non-normality increased with increased sensory salience, corresponding to a decrease in the prevalence of fast explore movements. We found the same sensory salience-dependent mode-switching behaviour across ten phylogenetically diverse organisms, from amoebae to humans, performing tasks such as postural balance and target tracking. We propose a state-uncertainty-based mode-switching heuristic that reproduces the distinctive velocity distribution, rationalizes modulation by sensory salience and outperforms the classic persistent excitation approach while using less energy. This mode-switching heuristic provides insights into purposeful exploratory behaviours in organisms, as well as a framework for more efficient state estimation and control of robots.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00745-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T12:02:45Z","timestamp":1698321765000},"page":"1285-1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mode switching in organisms for solving explore-versus-exploit problems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4141-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debojyoti","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lamperski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9512-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6655-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Guckenheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6447-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric S.","family":"Fortune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2502-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah J.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"745_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046962","volume":"69","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Gibson, J. 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