{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T01:15:02Z","timestamp":1771463702207,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005492","name":"Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Jaswa Innovator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Jaswa Innovator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA010723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA010723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA017347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA017347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG047366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG047366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH113406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH113406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG066515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Mach Intell"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00882-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T11:01:44Z","timestamp":1723201304000},"page":"1034-1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Data-driven discovery of movement-linked heterogeneity in neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Endo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Favour","family":"Nerrise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edith V.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Li","family":"Fei-Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victor W.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kilian M.","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kathleen L.","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Adeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007856","volume":"249","author":"T Foltynie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foltynie, T., Brayne, C. & Barker, R. A. The heterogeneity of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 249, 138\u2013145 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0782-1","volume":"255","author":"B Post","year":"2008","unstructured":"Post, B., Speelman, J. D., De Haan, R. J. & Group, C.-S. Clinical heterogeneity in newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 255, 716\u2013722 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568703","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568703","volume":"14","author":"DD Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D. D. & Choi, J. T. Brain network oscillations during gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14, 568703 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.03.018","volume":"18","author":"A Tessitore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tessitore, A. et al. Resting-state brain connectivity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18, 781\u2013787 (2012).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25139","volume":"27","author":"J Cr\u00e9mers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cr\u00e9mers, J., D\u2019Ostilio, K., Stamatakis, J., Delvaux, V. & Garraux, G. Brain activation pattern related to gait disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 27, 1498\u20131505 (2012).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endo, M. et al. Gaitforemer: self-supervised pre-training of transformers via human motion forecasting for few-shot gait impairment severity estimation. In Proc. Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2022: 25th International Conference, Singapore, September 18\u201322 (eds Wang, L., Dou, Q., Fletcher, P.T., Speidel, S. & Li, S.) 130\u2013139 (Springer, 2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16452-1_13"},{"key":"882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocabas, M., Athanasiou, N. & Black, M. J. VIBE: video inference for human body pose and shape estimation. In Proc. 2020 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 5253\u20135263 (IEEE, 2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00530"},{"key":"882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nerrise, F., Zhao, Q., Poston, K. L., Pohl, K. M. & Adeli, E. An explainable geometric-weighted graph attention network for identifying functional networks associated with gait impairment. In Proc. Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2023: 26th International Conference, Vancouver, Canada, October 8\u201312 (eds Greenspan, H. et al.) 723\u2013733 (Springer, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43895-0_68"},{"key":"882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23116","volume":"25","author":"SM Van Rooden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Rooden, S. M. et al. The identification of Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes using cluster analysis: a systematic review. Mov. Disord. 25, 969\u2013978 (2010).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102179","volume":"73","author":"M Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, M. et al. Quantifying Parkinson\u2019s disease motor severity under uncertainty using mds-updrs videos. Med. Image Anal. 73, 102179 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.018","volume":"43","author":"RS Eisinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eisinger, R. S. et al. Motor subtype changes in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 43, 67\u201372 (2017).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6233","volume":"71","author":"MA Thenganatt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thenganatt, M. A. & Jankovic, J. Parkinson disease subtypes. JAMA Neurol. 71, 499\u2013504 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"882_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.05.016","volume":"88","author":"R von Coelln","year":"2021","unstructured":"von Coelln, R. et al. The inconsistency and instability of Parkinson\u2019s disease motor subtypes. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 88, 13\u201318 (2021).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37545-z","volume":"9","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Data-driven subtyping of Parkinson\u2019s disease using longitudinal clinical records: a cohort study. Sci. Rep. 9, 797 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28321","volume":"36","author":"D Belvisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belvisi, D. et al. The pathophysiological correlates of Parkinson\u2019s disease clinical subtypes. Mov. Disord. 36, 370\u2013379 (2021).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00228-0","volume":"7","author":"M Brendel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brendel, M., Su, C., Hou, Y., Henchcliffe, C. & Wang, F. Comprehensive subtyping of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with similarity fusion: a case study with biofind data. npj Parkinsons Dis. 7, 83 (2021).","journal-title":"npj Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"882_CR17","unstructured":"Kipf, T. N. & Welling, M. Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. In Proc. International Conference on Learning Representations https:\/\/openreview.net\/pdf?id=SJU4ayYgl (2016)."},{"key":"882_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109435","volume":"235","author":"EM M\u00fcller-Oehring","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Oehring, E. M., Schulte, T., Pfefferbaum, A. & Sullivan, E. V. Disruption of cerebellar-cortical functional connectivity predicts balance instability in alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 235, 109435 (2022).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"882_CR19","unstructured":"McKimm, E. Cerebellar Neuropathology Influences Cerebellar-Prefrontal Cortex Pathways: A Comprehensive Approach as Relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorders. PhD thesis, Univ. Memphis (2016)."},{"key":"882_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2012.02.001","volume":"2","author":"I Frommann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frommann, I. et al. Distinct patterns of cognitive impairment in multiple system atrophy patients of cerebellar and parkinsonian predominance. Basal Ganglia 2, 91\u201396 (2012).","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"key":"882_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.12.002","volume":"29","author":"JG Zwicker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zwicker, J. G., Missiuna, C., Harris, S. R. & Boyd, L. A. Brain activation associated with motor skill practice in children with developmental coordination disorder: an fMRI study. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 29, 145\u2013152 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00377-w","volume":"8","author":"S Basaia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basaia, S. et al. Cerebro-cerebellar motor networks in clinical subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease. npj Parkinsons Dis. 8, 113 (2022).","journal-title":"npj Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"882_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0594-z","volume":"13","author":"B Hoffland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoffland, B. et al. A gait paradigm reveals different patterns of abnormal cerebellar motor learning in primary focal dystonias. Cerebellum 13, 760\u2013766 (2014).","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"882_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv399","volume":"139","author":"C O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan, C. et al. Cerebellar atrophy in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its implication for network connectivity. Brain 139, 845\u2013855 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"882_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320909331","volume":"34","author":"LA King","year":"2020","unstructured":"King, L. A. et al. Cognitively challenging agility boot camp program for freezing of gait in parkinson disease. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 34, 417\u2013427 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 695\u2013699 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500300038006","volume":"35","author":"AL Benton","year":"1978","unstructured":"Benton, A. L., Varney, N. R. & Hamsher, K. D. Visuospatial judgment: a clinical test. Arch. Neurol. 35, 364\u2013367 (1978).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"882_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12312","volume":"14","author":"M Rodriguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M., Rodriguez-Sabate, C., Morales, I., Sanchez, A. & Sabate, M. Parkinson\u2019s disease as a result of aging. Aging Cell 14, 293\u2013308 (2015).","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"882_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp234","volume":"132","author":"M Selikhova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Selikhova, M. et al. A clinico-pathological study of subtypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 132, 2947\u20132957 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"882_CR30","unstructured":"Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E. & Ober, B. A. California Verbal Learning Test 2nd edn. (Psychological Corporation, 2000)."},{"key":"882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Western Psychological Services, 1973).","DOI":"10.1037\/t27513-000"},{"key":"882_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0093-5","volume":"5","author":"M Heijmans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heijmans, M. et al. Monitoring Parkinson\u2019s disease symptoms during daily life: a feasibility study. npj Parkinsons Dis. 5, 21 (2019).","journal-title":"npj Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"882_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.013","volume":"20","author":"R Mehanna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehanna, R., Moore, S., Hou, J. G., Sarwar, A. I. & Lai, E. C. Comparing clinical features of young onset, middle onset and late onset Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 20, 530\u2013534 (2014).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002461","volume":"86","author":"G Pagano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pagano, G., Ferrara, N., Brooks, D. J. & Pavese, N. Age at onset and Parkinson disease phenotype. Neurology 86, 1400\u20131407 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"882_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23469","volume":"26","author":"MM Wickremaratchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wickremaratchi, M. M. et al. The motor phenotype of Parkinson\u2019s disease in relation to age at onset. Mov. Disord. 26, 457\u2013463 (2011).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR36","first-page":"389","volume":"26","author":"ML Wagner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wagner, M. L., Fedak, M. N., Sage, J. I. & Mark, M. H. Complications of disease and therapy: a comparison of younger and older patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annal. Clin. Lab. Sci. 26, 389\u2013395 (1996).","journal-title":"Annal. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"882_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","volume":"8","author":"RH Benedict","year":"1996","unstructured":"Benedict, R. H., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., Dobraski, M. & Shpritz, B. Revision of the brief visuospatial memory test: studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity. Psychol. Assess. 8, 145 (1996).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"882_CR38","unstructured":"Hooper, E. H. Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT) (Western Psychological Services, 1983)."},{"key":"882_CR39","unstructured":"Spreen, O. & Benton, A. L. Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia (University of Victoria, Neuropsychology Laboratory, 1977)."},{"key":"882_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01485","volume":"11","author":"A Rofes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rofes, A. et al. What drives task performance during animal fluency in people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Front. Psychol. 11, 1485 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"882_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390","volume":"1","author":"CR Bowie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bowie, C. R. & Harvey, P. D. Administration and interpretation of the trail making test. Nat. Protoc. 1, 2277\u20132281 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"882_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","volume":"18","author":"JR Stroop","year":"1935","unstructured":"Stroop, J. R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18, 643 (1935).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"882_CR43","unstructured":"Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H. & Weintraub, S. Boston Naming Test (Lea and Febiger, 1983)."},{"key":"882_CR44","first-page":"278","volume":"57","author":"MP Murray","year":"1978","unstructured":"Murray, M. P., Sepic, S. B., Gardner, G. M. & Downs, W. J. Walking patterns of men with parkinsonism. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. 57, 278\u2013294 (1978).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab."},{"key":"882_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130341","volume":"4","author":"E Disbrow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Disbrow, E. et al. Resting state functional connectivity is associated with cognitive dysfunction in non-demented people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Parkinsons Dis. 4, 453\u2013465 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"882_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.04.042","volume":"705","author":"J Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong, J. et al. Levodopa imparts a normalizing effect on default-mode network connectivity in non-demented Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 705, 159\u2013166 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"882_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.021","volume":"81","author":"PR Karunanayaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karunanayaka, P. R. et al. Default mode network differences between rigidity- and tremor-predominant Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cortex 81, 239\u2013250 (2016).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"882_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8331-9","volume":"264","author":"Y Hou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hou, Y. et al. Default-mode network connectivity in cognitively unimpaired drug-naive patients with rigidity-dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 264, 152\u2013160 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"882_CR49","unstructured":"Brown, C. A. The Default Mode Network and Executive Function: Influence of Age, White Matter Connectivity, and Alzheimer\u2019s Pathology (Univ. Kentucky, 2017)."},{"key":"882_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162234","volume":"11","author":"J Heinonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heinonen, J. et al. Default mode and executive networks areas: association with the serial order in divergent thinking. PLoS ONE 11, e0162234 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"882_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00423","volume":"9","author":"RA Crockett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crockett, R. A., Hsu, C. L., Best, J. R. & Liu-Ambrose, T. Resting state default mode network connectivity, dual task performance, gait speed, and postural sway in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Front. Aging Neurosci. 9, 423 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"882_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws360","volume":"136","author":"T Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, T. & Hallett, M. The cerebellum in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 136, 696\u2013709 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"882_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz, C. G. et al. Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov. Disord. 23, 2129\u20132170 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"882_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahroudy, A., Liu, J., Ng, T.-T. & Wang, G. NTU RGB+ D: a large scale dataset for 3D human activity analysis. In Proc. 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 1010\u20131019 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.115"},{"key":"882_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0073","volume":"2","author":"S Whitfield-Gabrieli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whitfield-Gabrieli, S. & Nieto-Castanon, A. Conn: a functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks. Brain Connect. 2, 125\u2013141 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"882_CR56","unstructured":"Joachims, T. Transductive learning via spectral graph partitioning. In Proc. 20th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-03) (eds Fawcett, T. & Mishra, N.) 290\u2013297 (AAAI Press, 2003)."},{"key":"882_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, B. Canonical Correlation Analysis: Uses and Interpretation Vol. 47 (Sage, 1984).","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983570"},{"key":"882_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489","volume":"28","author":"S Lloyd","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lloyd, S. Least squares quantization in pcm. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 28, 129\u2013137 (1982).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"882_CR59","unstructured":"Arthur, D. & Vassilvitskii, S. K-means++: the advantages of careful seeding. In Proc. Eighteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (ed Gabow, H.) 1027\u20131035 (SIAM, 2007)."},{"key":"882_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-010-9049-5","volume":"27","author":"MM-T Chiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiang, M. M.-T. & Mirkin, B. Intelligent choice of the number of clusters in k-means clustering: an experimental study with different cluster spreads. J. Classif. 27, 3\u201340 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"882_CR61","first-page":"164","volume":"3","author":"GJ Torres","year":"2009","unstructured":"Torres, G. J., Basnet, R. B., Sung, A. H., Mukkamala, S. & Ribeiro, B. M. A similarity measure for clustering and its applications. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Syst. Eng. 3, 164\u2013170 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"882_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Endo, M. et al. markendo\/pd-subtyping-motion-brain. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.12555317 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.12555317"}],"container-title":["Nature Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-024-00882-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-024-00882-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-024-00882-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T18:02:58Z","timestamp":1726855378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42256-024-00882-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-024-00882-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2522-5839"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5839","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}