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Early bit-to-base transcoding schemes have primarily pursued information density, at the expense of introducing biocompatibility challenges or decoding failure. Here we propose a robust transcoding algorithm named the yin\u2013yang codec, using two rules to encode two binary bits into one nucleotide, to generate DNA sequences that are highly compatible with synthesis and sequencing technologies. We encoded two representative file formats and stored them\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    as 200\u2009nt oligo pools and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a ~54\u2009kbps DNA fragment in yeast cells. Sequencing results show that the yin\u2013yang codec exhibits high robustness and reliability for a wide variety of data types, with an average recovery rate of 99.9% above 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    molecule copies and an achieved recovery rate of 87.53% at \u226410\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    copies. Additionally, the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    storage demonstration achieved an experimentally measured physical density close to the theoretical maximum.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00231-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T12:02:48Z","timestamp":1650888168000},"page":"234-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin\u2013yang codec system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7114-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoluo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha Joe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3276-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226355","volume":"337","author":"GM Church","year":"2012","unstructured":"Church, G. 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