{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:57:24Z","timestamp":1770231444370,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Comput Sci"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00233-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T16:05:54Z","timestamp":1651161954000},"page":"223-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Optimizing social and economic activity while containing SARS-CoV-2 transmission using DAEDALUS"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Haw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Forchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8076-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Doohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Christen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pianella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sumali","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6271-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra B.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Winskill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Miraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azra C.","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina D.","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"233_CR1","unstructured":"IMF. World Economic Outlook Update: A Crisis Like No Other, An Uncertain Recovery (IMF, 2020); https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/Issues\/2020\/06\/24\/WEOUpdateJune2020"},{"key":"233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s41885-020-00066-z","volume":"4","author":"A Mandel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mandel, A. & Veetil, V. P. The economic cost of Covid lockdowns: an out-of-equilibrium analysis. Econ. Disasters Clim. Change 4, 431\u2013451 (2020).","journal-title":"Econ. Disasters Clim. Change"},{"key":"233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y. & Weber, M. The Cost of the COVID-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expectations and Consumer Spending. Report 0898-2937 (IZA, 2020).","DOI":"10.3386\/w27141"},{"key":"233_CR4","unstructured":"Tenreyro, S. COVID 19 and the Economy: What Are the Lessons So Far? \u2013 Speech by Silvana Tenreyro (2020); https:\/\/www.bankofengland.co.uk\/speech\/2020\/silvana-tenreyro-speech-as-part-of-the-lse-covid-19-policy-response-webinar-series"},{"key":"233_CR5","unstructured":"ONS. Which Occupations Have the Highest Potential Exposure to the Coronavirus (COVID-19)? (ONS, 2020); https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/employmentandlabourmarket\/peopleinwork\/employmentandemployeetypes\/articles\/whichoccupationshavethehighestpotentialexposuretothecoronaviruscovid19\/2020-05-11"},{"key":"233_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichler, A., Pangallo, M., del Rio-Chanona, R. M., Lafond, F. & Farmer, J. D. Production Networks and Epidemic Spreading: How to Restart the UK Economy? (EconPapers, 2020); https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:arx:papers:2005.10585","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3606984"},{"key":"233_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cakmakli, C., Demiralp, S., Kalemli-\u00d6zcan, S., Yesiltas, S. & Y\u00edld\u00edr\u00edm, M. A. COVID-19 and Emerging Markets: An Epidemiological Model with International Production Networks and Capital Flows (IMF, 2020).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3670613"},{"key":"233_CR8","unstructured":"ONS. UK Input\u2013Output Analytical Tables (ONS, 2020); https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/economy\/nationalaccounts\/supplyandusetables\/datasets\/ukinputoutputanalyticaltablesdetailed"},{"key":"233_CR9","unstructured":"ONS. Industry by Occupation in the UK, January to December 2019 (ONS, 2020); https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/employmentandlabourmarket\/peopleinwork\/employmentandemployeetypes\/adhocs\/11875industrybyoccupationintheukjanuarytodecember2019"},{"key":"233_CR10","unstructured":"ONS. Business Impact of COVID-19 Survey (BICS) Results (ONS, 2020); https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/economy\/economicoutputandproductivity\/output\/datasets\/businessimpactofcovid19surveybicsresults"},{"key":"233_CR11","unstructured":"ONS. Monthly Business Survey (Production and Services) (ONS, 2020); https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/surveys\/informationforbusinesses\/businesssurveys\/monthlybusinesssurveyproductionandservices"},{"key":"233_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133203","volume":"10","author":"G B\u00e9raud","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00e9raud, G., Kazmercziak, S., Beutels, P. & Dervaux, B. The French connection: the first large population-based contact survey in France relevant for the spread of infectious diseases. PLoS ONE 10, e0133203 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volz, E., Mishra, S., Chand, M., & Ferguson, N. M. Report 42 \u2013 Transmission of SARS-COV-2 Lineage b.1.1.7 in England: Insights from Linking Epidemiological and Genetic Data (Imperial College, 2020); https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis\/covid-19\/report-42-sars-cov-2-variant\/","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.30.20249034"},{"key":"233_CR14","unstructured":"Cakmakli, C. et al. COVID-19 Hospital Activity (NHS England, 2020); https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/statistics\/statistical-work-areas\/covid-19-hospital-activity\/"},{"key":"233_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0386","volume":"7","author":"O Diekmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diekmann, O., Heesterbeek, J. & Roberts, M. G. The construction of next-generation matrices for compartmental epidemic models. J. R. Soc. Interface 7, 873\u2013885 (2010).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"233_CR16","unstructured":"Schreyer, P. Towards Measuring the Volume Output of Education and Health Services: A Handbook (OECD, 2010)."},{"key":"233_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12423","volume":"35","author":"A Brodeur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A. & Bhuiyan, S. A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. J. Econ. Surveys 35, 1007\u20131044 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surveys"},{"key":"233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Acemoglu, D., Chernozhukov, V., Werning, I. & Whinston, M. D. A Multi-risk SIR Model with Optimally Targeted Lockdown. Report 0898-2937 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1920\/wp.cem.2020.1420","DOI":"10.1920\/wp.cem.2020.1420"},{"key":"233_CR19","unstructured":"Titan, A., Kim, M., Lagakos, D. and VanVuren. M. How should policy responses to the covid-19 pandemic differ in the developing world? National Bureau of Economic Research w27273 (2020)."},{"key":"233_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baqaee, D., Farhi, E., Mina, M. J. & Stock, J. H. Reopening Scenarios (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27244","DOI":"10.3386\/w27244"},{"key":"233_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azzimonti, M., Fogli, A., Perri, F. & Ponder, M. Pandemic Control in ECON-EPI Networks (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27741","DOI":"10.3386\/w27741"},{"key":"233_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alvarez, F. E., Argente, D. & Lippi, F. A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lockdown (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w26981","DOI":"10.3386\/w26981"},{"key":"233_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favero, C. A., Ichino, A. & Rustichini, A. Restarting the Economy While Saving Lives Under COVID-19 (CEPR, 2020); https:\/\/cepr.org\/active\/publications\/discussion_papers\/dp.php?dpno=14664","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3580626"},{"key":"233_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eichenbaum, M. S., Rebelo, S. & Trabandt, M. The Macroeconomics of Epidemics (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w26882","DOI":"10.3386\/w26882"},{"key":"233_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abel, A. B. & Panageas, S. Social Distancing, Vaccination and the Paradoxical Optimality of an Endemic Equilibrium (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27742","DOI":"10.3386\/w27742"},{"key":"233_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akbarpour, M. et al. Socioeconomic Network Heterogeneity and Pandemic Policy Response. Working Paper (University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27374","DOI":"10.3386\/w27374"},{"key":"233_CR27","unstructured":"Gubar, E., Policardo, L., Carrera, E. J. S. & Taynitskiy, V. Optimal lockdown policies driven by socioeconomic costs. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.08349 (2021)."},{"key":"233_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ash, T., Bento, A. M., Kaffine, D., Rao, A. & Bento, A. I. Disease-economy trade-offs under alternative pandemic control strategies. Preprint at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.02.12.21251599v1 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.12.21251599"},{"key":"233_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelini, E., Zimic, S., Darracq Paries, M.& Damjanovic, M. ECB-BASIR: a primer on the macroeconomic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. (ECB Working Paper, 2020). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3638070","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3638070"},{"key":"233_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Acharya, V. V., Jiang, Z., Richmond, R. J. & von Thadden, E.-L. Divided We Fall: International Health and Trade Coordination During a Pandemic (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w28176","DOI":"10.3386\/w28176"},{"key":"233_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antr\u00e0s, P., Redding, S. J. & Rossi-Hansberg, E. Globalization and Pandemics (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27840","DOI":"10.3386\/w27840"},{"key":"233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, R. E. & Blair, P. D. Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions 2nd edn (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626982"},{"key":"233_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budish, E. B. R\u2009<\u20091 as an Economic Constraint: Can We \u2018expand the frontier\u2019 in the Fight Against COVID-19? Working Paper (Univ. Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics, 2020).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3567068"},{"key":"233_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130954","volume":"105","author":"RC Feenstra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R. & Timmer, M. P. The next generation of the Penn world table. Am. Econ. Rev. 105, 3150\u20133182 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"233_CR35","unstructured":"ONS. GDP Monthly Estimate, UK: July 2020 (ONS, 2020); https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/economy\/grossdomesticproductgdp\/bulletins\/gdpmonthlyestimateuk\/latest"},{"key":"233_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartik, A. W., Cullen, Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M. & Stanton, C. T. What Jobs are Being Done at Home During the COVID-19 Crisis? Evidence from Firm-level Surveys. Report 0898-2937 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27422","DOI":"10.3386\/w27422"},{"key":"233_CR37","unstructured":"Kilic, K. & Marin, D. How COVID-19 is transforming the world economy. https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/how-covid-19-transforming-world-economy (2020)."},{"key":"233_CR38","unstructured":"Seric, A. & Winkler, D. COVID-19 could spur automation and reverse globalisation\u2014to some extent. https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/covid-19-could-spur-automation-and-reverse-globalisation-some-extent (2020)."},{"key":"233_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeling, M. J. & Rohani, P. Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals (Princeton Univ. Press, 2011).","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4gk0"},{"key":"233_CR40","unstructured":"Global optimization toolbox (MathWorks, 2020); https:\/\/uk.mathworks.com\/products\/global-optimization.html"},{"key":"233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005697","volume":"13","author":"K Prem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prem, K., Cook, A. R. & Jit, M. Projecting social contact matrices in 152 countries using contact surveys and demographic data. PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005697 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"233_CR42","unstructured":"Knock, E. et al. Report 41\u2014The 2020 SARS-COV-2 Epidemic in England: Key Epidemiological Drivers and Impact of Interventions (Imperial College, 2020); https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis\/covid-19\/report-41-rtm\/"},{"key":"233_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haw, D. et al. Optimizing social and economic activity while containing SARS-COV-2 transmission using DAEDALUS (Code Ocean, 2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24433\/CO.5296234.v1","DOI":"10.24433\/CO.5296234.v1"}],"container-title":["Nature Computational Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-022-00233-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-022-00233-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-022-00233-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T10:29:36Z","timestamp":1669372176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-022-00233-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-022-00233-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-8457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-8457","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the version of this article initially published, the codeocean.com in ref. <sup>43<\/sup> should instead have appeared as","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24433\/CO.5296234.v1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24433\/CO.5296234.v1","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":". The change has been made in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"P.J.W. has received payments from Pfizer for teaching mathematical modeling of infectious-disease transmission and vaccination. P.W. has received personal fees for three days from WHO EURO for COVID-19 vaccine modeling. A.B.H. has received personal fees from WHO for COVID-19 vaccine modeling, and personal fees from Pfizer Inc. to advise on modeling RSV vaccination strategies. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}