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Yet, without ground-truth validation, different tractography algorithms can yield widely varying connectivity estimates. Although streamline pruning techniques mitigate this challenge, slow compute times preclude their use in big-data applications. We present \u2018Regularized, Accelerated, Linear Fascicle Evaluation\u2019 (ReAl-LiFE), a GPU-based implementation of a state-of-the-art streamline pruning algorithm (LiFE), which achieves &gt;100\u00d7 speedups over previous CPU-based implementations. Leveraging these speedups, we overcome key limitations with LiFE\u2019s algorithm to generate sparser and more accurate connectomes. We showcase ReAl-LiFE\u2019s ability to estimate connections with superlative test\u2013retest reliability, while outperforming competing approaches. Moreover, we predicted inter-individual variations in multiple cognitive scores with ReAl-LiFE connectome features. We propose ReAl-LiFE as a timely tool, surpassing the state of the art, for accurate discovery of individualized brain connectomes at scale. Finally, our GPU-accelerated implementation of a popular non-negative least-squares optimization algorithm is widely applicable to many real-world problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00250-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T16:03:50Z","timestamp":1653926630000},"page":"298-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["GPU-accelerated connectome discovery at scale"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3225-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varsha","family":"Sreenivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sawan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Pestilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Partha","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1998-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devarajan","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"250_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9129-7","volume":"20","author":"S Chanraud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chanraud, S., Zahr, N., Sullivan, E. 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P.T. is a research scientist at Google. He is also the founder of Kenome, an enterprise AI company. V.S., S.K. and F.P. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}