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However, the inevitable noise poses a formidable challenge to imaging sensitivity. Here we provide the spatial redundancy denoising transformer (SRDTrans) to remove noise from fluorescence images in a self-supervised manner. First, a sampling strategy based on spatial redundancy is proposed to extract adjacent orthogonal training pairs, which eliminates the dependence on high imaging speed. Second, we designed a lightweight spatiotemporal transformer architecture to capture long-range dependencies and high-resolution features at low computational cost. SRDTrans can restore high-frequency information without producing oversmoothed structures and distorted fluorescence traces. Finally, we demonstrate the state-of-the-art denoising performance of SRDTrans on single-molecule localization microscopy and two-photon volumetric calcium imaging. SRDTrans does not contain any assumptions about the imaging process and the sample, thus can be easily extended to various imaging modalities and biological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-023-00568-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T06:02:28Z","timestamp":1702274548000},"page":"1067-1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Spatial redundancy transformer for self-supervised fluorescence image denoising"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiamin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2792-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qionghai","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3708","volume":"34","author":"LA Royer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Royer, L. 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