{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:20:46Z","timestamp":1772446846664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101098651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101098651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ME0398K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ME0398K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ME0399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ME0399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03ZU1106CB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03ZU1106CB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Comput Sci"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-025-00868-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1758013425000},"page":"708-710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuromorphic principles in self-attention hardware for efficient transformers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Leroux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4556-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Finkbeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Neftci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"868_CR1","first-page":"1877","volume":"33","author":"T Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown, T. et al. Adv. Neural Inf. Proc. Syst. 33, 1877\u20131901 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Proc. Syst."},{"key":"868_CR2","unstructured":"Kim, S. et al. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2302.14017 (2023)."},{"key":"868_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042001","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ad05da","volume":"3","author":"L Khacef","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khacef, L. et al. Neuromorphic Comput. Eng. 3, 042001 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuromorphic Comput. Eng."},{"key":"868_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooker, S. Commun. ACM 64, 58\u201365 (2021).","DOI":"10.1145\/3467017"},{"key":"868_CR5","first-page":"9355","volume":"139","author":"I Schlag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schlag, I., Irie, K. & Schmidhuber, J. Proc. Mach. Learn. Res. 139, 9355\u20139366 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"868_CR6","unstructured":"Aky\u00fcrek, E., Schuurmans, D., Andreas, J., Ma, T. & Zhou, D. What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR, 2023)."},{"key":"868_CR7","unstructured":"Yang, S., Wang, B., Shen, Y., Panda, R. & Kim, Y. Gated linear attention transformers with hardware-efficient training. In Proc. 41st International Conference on Machine Learning 56501\u201356523 (PMLR, 2024)."},{"key":"868_CR8","unstructured":"Aky\u00fcrek, E. et al. The surprising effectiveness of test-time training for few-shot learning. In Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML, 2025)."},{"key":"868_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3045625","author":"F Zenke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zenke, F. & Neftci, E. O. Proc. IEEE https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3045625 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"868_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.7.1527","volume":"18","author":"G Hinton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinton, G., Osindero, S. & Teh, Y. Neural Comput. 18, 1527\u20131554 (2006).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"868_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044002","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac8828","volume":"2","author":"KM Stewart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stewart, K. M. & Neftci, E. Neuromorph. Comput. Eng. 2, 044002 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuromorph. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"868_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14441","volume":"521","author":"M Prezioso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prezioso, M. et al. Nature 521, 6164 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"868_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0655-z","volume":"15","author":"A Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian, A., Le Gallo, M., KhaddamAljameh, R. & Eleftheriou, E. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 529\u2013544 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"868_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leroux, N. et al. Nat. Comput. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-025-00854-1 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-025-00854-1"},{"key":"868_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emani, M. et al. in 2022 IEEE\/ACM International Workshop on Performance Modeling, Benchmarking and Simulation of High Performance Computer Systems, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PMBS56514.2022.00007 (IEEE, 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/PMBS56514.2022.00007"}],"container-title":["Nature Computational Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00868-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00868-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00868-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T03:04:30Z","timestamp":1758683070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00868-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-025-00868-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-8457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-8457","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}