{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T23:56:44Z","timestamp":1772063804543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Comput Sci"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-025-00915-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T10:01:45Z","timestamp":1767348105000},"page":"179-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A generative spike prediction model using behavioral reinforcement for re-establishing neural functional connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenghui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9153-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose C.","family":"Principe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"915_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.03.008","volume":"55","author":"RP Rao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rao, R. P. Towards neural co-processors for the brain: combining decoding and encoding in brain\u2013computer interfaces. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 55, 142\u2013151 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"915_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085173","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1085173","volume":"17","author":"AN Belkacem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belkacem, A. N., Jamil, N., Khalid, S. & Alnajjar, F. On closed-loop brain stimulation systems for improving the quality of life of patients with neurological disorders. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 17, 1085173 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17435","volume":"533","author":"CE Bouton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bouton, C. E. et al. Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia. Nature 533, 247\u2013250 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30601-3","volume":"389","author":"AB Ajiboye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ajiboye, A. B. et al. Restoration of reaching and grasping movements through brain-controlled muscle stimulation in a person with tetraplegia: a proof-of-concept demonstration. Lancet 389, 1821\u20131830 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"915_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","volume":"539","author":"M Capogrosso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Capogrosso, M. et al. A brain\u2013spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates. Nature 539, 284\u2013288 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/accaa9","volume":"20","author":"MJ Bryan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bryan, M. J., Jiang, L. P. & Rao, R. P. N. Neural co-processors for restoring brain function: results from a cortical model of grasping. J. Neural Eng. 20, 036004 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"915_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.05.031","volume":"287","author":"SA Deadwyler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deadwyler, S. A. et al. A cognitive prosthesis for memory facilitation by closed-loop functional ensemble stimulation of hippocampal neurons in primate brain. Exp. Neurol. 287, 452\u2013460 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"915_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036014","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaaed7","volume":"15","author":"RE Hampson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hampson, R. E. et al. Developing a hippocampal neural prosthetic to facilitate human memory encoding and recall. J. Neural Eng. 15, 036014 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"915_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00697.2004","volume":"93","author":"W Truccolo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Truccolo, W., Eden, U. T., Fellows, M. R., Donoghue, J. P. & Brown, E. N. A point process framework for relating neural spiking activity to spiking history, neural ensemble, and extrinsic covariate effects. J. Neurophysiol. 93, 1074\u20131089 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"915_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, D. et al. Nonlinear dynamical modeling of human hippocampal CA3-CA1 functional connectivity for memory prostheses. In Proc. 2015 7th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) 316\u2013319 (IEEE, 2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2015.7146623"},{"key":"915_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01306","volume":"32","author":"C Qian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qian, C. et al. Binless kernel machine: modeling spike train transformation for cognitive neural prostheses. Neural Comput. 32, 1863\u20131900 (2020).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"915_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056007","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/5\/056007","volume":"13","author":"JS Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi, J. S. et al. Eliciting naturalistic cortical responses with a sensory prosthesis via optimized microstimulation. J. Neural Eng. 13, 056007 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"915_CR13","unstructured":"Upadhyay, U., De, A. & Gomez-Rodrizuez, M. Deep reinforcement learning of marked temporal point processes. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 31 (eds Bengio, S. et al.) 3172\u20133182 (Curran Associates Inc., 2018)."},{"key":"915_CR14","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Learning temporal point processes via reinforcement learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 31 (eds Bengio, S. et al.) 10804\u201310814 (Curran Associates Inc., 2018)."},{"key":"915_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2021.3054787","volume":"34","author":"S Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Li, S., Peng, Z. & Xie, Y. Imitation learning of neural spatio-temporal point processes. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 34, 5391\u20135402 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"915_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.926699","volume":"56","author":"J DiGiovanna","year":"2009","unstructured":"DiGiovanna, J., Mahmoudi, B., Fortes, J., Principe, J. C. & Sanchez, J. C. Coadaptive brain\u2013machine interface via reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 56, 54\u201364 (2009).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"915_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7374","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1802-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"BT Marsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marsh, B. T., Tarigoppula, V. S. A., Chen, C. & Francis, J. T. Toward an autonomous brain machine interface: integrating sensorimotor reward modulation and reinforcement learning. J. Neurosci. 35, 7374\u20137387 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3039970","volume":"28","author":"X Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen, X., Zhang, X., Huang, Y., Chen, S. & Wang, Y. Task learning over multi-day recording via internally rewarded reinforcement learning based brain machine interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28, 3089\u20133099 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"915_CR19","unstructured":"International Brain Laboratory et al. A brain-wide map of neural activity during complex behaviour. Nature 645, 177\u2013191 (2025)."},{"key":"915_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinmetz, N., Zatka-Haas, P., Carandini, M. & Harris, K. Main dataset from steinmetz et al. 2019. figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/M9.FIGSHARE.9598406.V2 (2019).","DOI":"10.6084\/M9.FIGSHARE.9598406.V2"},{"key":"915_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1787-x","volume":"576","author":"NA Steinmetz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steinmetz, N. A., Zatka-Haas, P., Carandini, M. & Harris, K. D. Distributed coding of choice, action and engagement across the mouse brain. Nature 576, 266\u2013273 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.10.021","volume":"52","author":"NS Narayanan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Narayanan, N. S. & Laubach, M. Top-down control of motor cortex ensembles by dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neuron 52, 921\u2013931 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"915_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2580620","volume":"25","author":"W Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. The neural mechanism exploration of adaptive motor control: dynamical economic cell allocation in the primary motor cortex. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25, 492\u2013501 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"915_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00075","volume":"12","author":"RD Haan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haan, R. D. et al. Neural representation of motor output, context and behavioral adaptation in rat medial prefrontal cortex during learned behavior. Front. Neural Circuits 12, 75 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"915_CR25","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"L van der Maaten","year":"2008","unstructured":"van der Maaten, L. & Hinton, G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 2579\u20132605 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"915_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidler, R. D., Kwak, Y., Fling, B. W. & Bernard, J. A. in Progress in Motor Control (eds Richardson, M. J. et al.) Vol. 782, 39\u201360 (Springer, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5465-6_3"},{"key":"915_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.11.021","volume":"109","author":"L Cross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cross, L., Cockburn, J., Yue, Y. & O\u2019Doherty, J. P. Using deep reinforcement learning to reveal how the brain encodes abstract state-space representations in high-dimensional environments. Neuron 109, 724\u2013738.e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"915_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb0184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb0184","volume":"369","author":"P Domenech","year":"2020","unstructured":"Domenech, P., Rheims, S. & Koechlin, E. Neural mechanisms resolving exploitation-exploration dilemmas in the medial prefrontal cortex. Science 369, eabb0184 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"915_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80593-7","volume":"11","author":"M Sugawara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sugawara, M. & Katahira, K. Dissociation between asymmetric value updating and perseverance in human reinforcement learning. Sci. Rep. 11, 3574 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"915_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-021-00862-0","volume":"115","author":"E Bermudez-Contreras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bermudez-Contreras, E. Deep reinforcement learning to study spatial navigation, learning and memory in artificial and biological agents. Biol. Cybern. 115, 131\u2013134 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"915_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.03.008","volume":"45","author":"N Lubianiker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lubianiker, N., Paret, C., Dayan, P. & Hendler, T. Neurofeedback through the lens of reinforcement learning. Trends Neurosci. 45, 579\u2013593 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2797","volume":"14","author":"JM Carmena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carmena, J. M., Ganguly, K., Dimitrov, D. F. & Wallis, J. D. Reversible large-scale modification of cortical networks during neuroprosthetic control. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 662\u2013667 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.04.048","volume":"82","author":"AL Orsborn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Orsborn, A. L. et al. Closed-loop decoder adaptation shapes neural plasticity for skillful neuroprosthetic control. Neuron 82, 1380\u20131393 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"915_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00579","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Hessburg, J. P., Kumar, J. N. A. & Francis, J. T. Paradigm shift in sensorimotor control research and brain machine interface control: the influence of context on sensorimotor representations. Front. Neurosci. 12, 579 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.02.012","volume":"102","author":"S Sakellaridi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakellaridi, S. et al. Intrinsic variable learning for brain\u2013machine interface control by human anterior intraparietal cortex. Neuron 102, 694\u2013705.e3 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"915_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01663-5","volume":"28","author":"A Rowald","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rowald, A. et al. Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis. Nat. Med. 28, 260\u2013271 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"915_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101008","volume":"4","author":"M Bonizzato","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonizzato, M. et al. Autonomous optimization of neuroprosthetic stimulation parameters that drive the motor cortex and spinal cord outputs in rats and monkeys. Cell Rep. Med. 4, 101008 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"915_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2023.3237869","volume":"5","author":"HA Nieves-Vazquez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nieves-Vazquez, H. A., Kim, E. & Ueda, J. Closed-loop estimation of individualized inter-stimulus interval window for transient neuromodulation via paired mechanical and brain stimulation. IEEE. Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics 5, 110\u2013119 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics"},{"key":"915_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0095-3","volume":"21","author":"MD Golub","year":"2018","unstructured":"Golub, M. D. et al. Learning by neural reassociation. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 607\u2013616 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014760","volume":"6","author":"B Mahmoudi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahmoudi, B. & Sanchez, J. C. A symbiotic brain\u2013machine interface through value-based decision making. PLoS ONE 6, e14760 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"915_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806517","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.806517","volume":"16","author":"AX Fid\u00eancio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fid\u00eancio, A. X., Klaes, C. & Iossifidis, I. Error-related potentials in reinforcement learning-based brain-machine interfaces. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 806517 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4219","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3503713","volume":"32","author":"J Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan, J., Zhang, X., Wu, S., Song, Z. & Wang, Y. Hidden brain state-based internal evaluation using kernel inverse reinforcement learning in brain-machine interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 32, 4219\u20134229 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"915_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45190-6","volume":"15","author":"G Valle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valle, G. et al. Biomimetic computer-to-brain communication enhancing naturalistic touch sensations via peripheral nerve stimulation. Nat. Commun. 15, 1151 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"915_CR44","unstructured":"Schulman, J., Wolski, F., Dhariwal, P., Radford, A. & Klimov, O. Proximal policy optimization algorithms. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1707.06347 (2017)."},{"key":"915_CR45","unstructured":"Schulman, J., Moritz, P., Levine, S., Jordan, M. & Abbeel, P. High-dimensional continuous control using generalized advantage estimation. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1506.02438 (2018)."},{"key":"915_CR46","unstructured":"Mei, H. & Eisner, J. M. The neural Hawkes process: a neurally self-modulating multivariate point process. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 30 (eds Guyon, I. et al.) (Curran Associates, Inc., 2017)."},{"key":"915_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3776","volume":"17","author":"JP Cunningham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cunningham, J. P. & Yu, B. M. Dimensionality reduction for large-scale neural recordings. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1500\u20131509 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13665","volume":"512","author":"PT Sadtler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sadtler, P. T. et al. Neural constraints on learning. Nature 512, 423\u2013426 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.05.025","volume":"94","author":"JA Gallego","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallego, J. A., Perich, M. G., Miller, L. E. & Solla, S. A. Neural manifolds for the control of movement. Neuron 94, 978\u2013984 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"915_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007074","volume":"15","author":"E W\u00e4rnberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"W\u00e4rnberg, E. & Kumar, A. Perturbing low dimensional activity manifolds in spiking neuronal networks. PLoS Comput. Biol. 15, e1007074 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"915_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0555-4","volume":"23","author":"JA Gallego","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallego, J. A., Perich, M. G., Chowdhury, R. H., Solla, S. A. & Miller, L. E. Long-term stability of cortical population dynamics underlying consistent behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 260\u2013270 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02031-z","volume":"28","author":"MG Perich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Perich, M. G., Narain, D. & Gallego, J. A. A neural manifold view of the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 28, 1582\u20131597 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"915_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129","volume":"487","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Churchland, M. M. et al. Neural population dynamics during reaching. Nature 487, 51\u201356 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0109-9","volume":"15","author":"C Pandarinath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pandarinath, C. et al. Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders. Nat. Methods 15, 805\u2013815 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"915_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20197-x","volume":"12","author":"H Abbaspourazad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbaspourazad, H., Choudhury, M., Wong, Y. T., Pesaran, B. & Shanechi, M. M. Multiscale low-dimensional motor cortical state dynamics predict naturalistic reach-and-grasp behavior. Nat. Commun. 12, 607 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"915_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06714-0","volume":"623","author":"M Safaie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Safaie, M. et al. Preserved neural dynamics across animals performing similar behaviour. Nature 623, 765\u2013771 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3435568","volume":"32","author":"S Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, S., Zhang, X. & Wang, Y. Neural manifold constraint for spike prediction models under behavioral reinforcement. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 32, 2772\u20132781 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"915_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05226","volume":"444","author":"EE Fetz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fetz, E. E., Jackson, A. & Mavoori, J. Long-term motor cortex plasticity induced by an electronic neural implant. Nature 444, 56\u201360 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"915_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316885110","volume":"110","author":"DJ Guggenmos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guggenmos, D. J. et al. Restoration of function after brain damage using a neural prosthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 21177\u201321182 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"915_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046025","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac8180","volume":"19","author":"S Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. Spike prediction on primary motor cortex from medial prefrontal cortex during task learning. J. Neural Eng. 19, 046025 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"915_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/58.1.83","volume":"58","author":"AG Hawkes","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hawkes, A. G. Spectra of some self-exciting and mutually exciting point processes. Biometrika 58, 83\u201390 (1971).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"915_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80056-5","volume":"6","author":"MF M\u00f8ller","year":"1993","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, M. F. A scaled conjugate gradient algorithm for fast supervised learning. Neural Netw. 6, 525\u2013533 (1993).","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"915_CR63","unstructured":"Sutton, R. S. & Barto, A. G. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (MIT Press, 2018)."},{"key":"915_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. A generative spike prediction model using behavioral reinforcement for re-establishing neural functional connectivity. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.17221566 (2025).","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.17221566"}],"container-title":["Nature Computational Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00915-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00915-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00915-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T23:02:11Z","timestamp":1772060531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43588-025-00915-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-025-00915-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-8457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-8457","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}