{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:33:15Z","timestamp":1772753595214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]],"date-time":"2000-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":967766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]],"date-time":"2000-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":967766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,4]],"date-time":"2002-09-04T18:52:55Z","timestamp":1031165575000},"page":"531-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Evidence for linkage of a tandem duplication polymorphism upstream of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"J T","family":"McCracken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S L","family":"Smalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J J","family":"McGough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M","family":"Del'Homme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R M","family":"Cantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S F","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF4000770_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.2.105","volume":"174","author":"A Thapar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thapar A, Holmes J, Poulton K, Harrington R . Genetic basis of attention deficit and hyperactivity Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174: 105\u2013111","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30501-7","volume":"3","author":"SV Faraone","year":"1994","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Biederman J . Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Child Adolesc Clin North Am 1994; 3: 285\u2013291","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Clin North Am"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090056010","volume":"49","author":"J Biederman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Benjamin J, Krifcher B, Moore C et al. Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 728\u2013738","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199808000-00015","volume":"37","author":"J Hudziak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hudziak J, Heath AC, Madden PF, Reich W, Bucholz KK, Slutske W et al. Latent class and factor analysis of DSM-IV ADHD: a twin study of female adolescents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37: 848\u2013857","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00009","volume":"36","author":"F Levy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Levy F, Hay DA, McStephen M, Wood C, Waldman I . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: category or continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 737\u2013744","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00010","volume":"36","author":"DK Sherman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sherman DK, Iacono WG, McGue MK . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder dimensions: a twin study of inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 745\u2013753","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000421","volume":"3","author":"P Seeman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Seeman P, Madras BK . Anti-hyperactivity medication: methylphenidate and amphetamine Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 386\u2013396","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90398-C","volume":"12","author":"JL Sobell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobell JL, Heston LL, Sommer SS . Delineation of genetic predisposition to multifactorial disease: a general approach on the threshold of feasibility Genomics 1992; 12: 1\u20136","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000274","volume":"2","author":"DA Collier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Collier DA, Sham PC . Catch me if you can: are catechol- and indolamine genes pleotropic QTLs for common mental disorders? Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 181\u2013183","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00062-7","volume":"24","author":"JM Swanson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Swanson JM, Flodman P, Kennedy J, Spence MA, Moyzis R, Schuck S et al. Dopamine genes and ADHD Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24: 21\u201325","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PL 7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00225-8","volume":"65","author":"ND Volkow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Fischman M, Foltin R, Abumrad N et al. Methylphenidate and cocaine have a similar in vivo potency to block dopamine transporters in the human brain Life Sci 1999; 65: PL 7\u201312","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.767","volume":"2","author":"JB Lichter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lichter JB, Barr CL, Kennedy JL, Van Tol HHM, Kidd KD, Livak KJ . A hypervariable segment in the human dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2: 767\u2013773","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR13","first-page":"364","volume":"46","author":"V Asghari","year":"1994","unstructured":"Asghari V, Schoots O, van Kats S, Ohara K, Jovanovic V, Guan HC et al. Dopamine D4 receptor repeat: analysis of different native and mutant forms of the human and rat genes Mol Pharmacol 1994; 46: 364\u2013373","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65031157.x","volume":"65","author":"V Asghari","year":"1995","unstructured":"Asghari V, Sanyal S, Buchwaldt S, Paterson A, Jovanovic V, Van Tol HHM . Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants J Neurochem 1995; 65: 1157\u20131165","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199910000-00003","volume":"9","author":"V Jovanovic","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jovanovic V, Guan HC, Van Tol HH . Comparative pharmacological and functional analysis of the human D4.2 and D4.10 receptor variants Pharmacogenetics 1999; 9: 561\u2013568","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-81","volume":"12","author":"J Benjamin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Benjamin J, Li L, Patterson C, Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Hamer DH . Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking Nature Genet 1996; 12: 81","journal-title":"Nature Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-78","volume":"12","author":"RP Ebstein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ebstein RP, Novick O, Umansky R, Priel B, Osher Y, Blaine D et al. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking Nature Genet 1996; 12: 78\u201388","journal-title":"Nature Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1453","volume":"156","author":"J Ekelund","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ekelund J, Lichtermann D, Jarvelin MR, Peltonen L . Association between novelty seeking and the type 4 dopamine receptor gene in a large Finnish cohort sample Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1453\u20131455","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR19","first-page":"644","volume":"59","author":"DE Grice","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grice DE, Leckman JF, Pauls DL, Kurlan R, Kidd KK, Pakstis AJ et al. Linkage disequilibrium between an allele at the dopamine D4 receptor locus and Tourette syndrome, by the transmission-disequilibrium test Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59: 644\u2013652","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00523-5","volume":"231","author":"C Cruz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cruz C, Camarena B, King N, Paez F, Sidenberg D, de la Fuente JR et al. Increased prevalence of the seven-repeat variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders with tics Neurosci Lett 1997; 231: 1\u20134","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600518","volume":"60","author":"A Petronis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Petronis A, Macciardi F, Athanassiades A, Paterson AD, Verga M, Mel HY et al. Association study between dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia Am J Med Genet 1995; 60: 452\u2013455","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR22","first-page":"121","volume":"1","author":"GJ LaHoste","year":"1996","unstructured":"LaHoste GJ, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Glabe C, Wigal T, King N et al. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 121\u2013124","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000354","volume":"3","author":"JM Swanson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Swanson JM, Sunohara GA, Kennedy JL et al. Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with a refined phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a family-based approach Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 38\u201341","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000457","volume":"3","author":"SL Smalley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smalley SL, Bailey JN, Palmer CG et al. Evidence that the dopamine D4 receptor is a susceptibility gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 427\u2013434","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000432","volume":"3","author":"DC Rowe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rowe DC, Stever C, Giedinghagen LN, Gard JM, Cleveland HH, Terris ST et al. Dopamine DRD4 receptor polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 419\u2013426","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.768","volume":"156","author":"SV Faraone","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Biederman J, Weiffenbach B, Keith T, Chu MP, Weaver A et al. Dopamine D4 gene 7-repeat allele and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 768\u2013770","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000430","volume":"3","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Castellanos FX, Lau E, Tayebi N, Lee P, Long RE, Giedd JN et al. Lack of an association between a dopamine-4 receptor polymorphism and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: genetic and brain morphometric analyses Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 431\u2013434","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1155\/1999\/291023","volume":"15","author":"TS Frank","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frank TS, Deffenbach AM, Hulick M, Gumpper K . Hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer: significance of age of onset in family history and contribution of BRCA1 and BRAC2 Disease Markers 1999; 15: 89\u201392","journal-title":"Disease Markers"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<705::AID-AJMG22>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"88","author":"MI Seaman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Seaman MI, Fisher JB, Chang F-M, Kidd KD . Tandem duplication polymorphism upstream of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 705\u2013709","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199624000-00004","volume":"6","author":"AD Paterson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Paterson AD, Ying D-J, Petronis A, Schoots O, Lieberman JA, Van Tol HHM et al. A PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 5\u2032 untranslated region of DRD4 is not associated with schizophrenia Psychiatric Genet 1996; 6: 191\u2013193","journal-title":"Psychiatric Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U . Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school aged children (6\u201318 years)\u2014present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 980\u2013988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR32","unstructured":"Fyer AJ, Endicott J, Mannuzza S, Klein DF . Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia \u2014 Lifetime Version, modified for the Study of Anxiety Disorder 1985, updated for DSM-IV (SADSLA-IV), Anxiety Genetics Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York, 1995"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR33","volume-title":"Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology, Release 3.1","author":"SAGE","year":"1997","unstructured":"SAGE . Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology, Release 3.1 Computer Program package available from the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 1997"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR34","first-page":"506","volume":"52","author":"RS Spielman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spielman RS, McGinnis RE, Ewens WJ . Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52: 506\u2013516","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516","volume":"273","author":"N Risch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Risch N, Merikangas K . The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases Science 1996; 273: 1516\u20131517","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR36","volume-title":"Linkage Analysis Package II: User's Guide to Analysis Programs. Version 5.1 for IBM PC\/compatibles","author":"J Ott","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ott J . Linkage Analysis Package II: User's Guide to Analysis Programs. Version 5.1 for IBM PC\/compatibles Columbia University 1992"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR37","volume-title":"SAS Procedures Guide for Personal Computers, Version 6.12","author":"SAS","year":"1996","unstructured":"SAS . SAS Procedures Guide for Personal Computers, Version 6.12 SAS Institute: Cary, NC 1996"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0630","volume":"258","author":"Y Okuyama","year":"1999","unstructured":"Okuyama Y, Ishiguro H, Toru M, Arinami T . A genetic polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4 associated with expression and schizophrenia Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 258: 292\u2013295","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR39","unstructured":"Smalley SL, McGough JJ, Del'Homme M, New Delman J, Gordon E, Kim T et al. Familial clustering of symptoms and disruptive behaviors in multiplex families with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry (in press)"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310051009","volume":"48","author":"J Biederman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K et al. Evidence of familial association between attention deficit disorder and major affective disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 633\u2013642","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF4000770_CR41","first-page":"993","volume":"56","author":"EH Cook","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cook EH, Stein MA, Krasowski MD, Cox NJ, Olkon DM, Keiffer JE et al. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 993\u2013998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/4000770.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/4000770","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/4000770.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:45:04Z","timestamp":1682037904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/4000770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF4000770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.mp.4000770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2000","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2000","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2000","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2000","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}