{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:58:48Z","timestamp":1786546728689,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T08:04:30Z","timestamp":1390291470000},"page":"199-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Host and Viral Determinants of the Outcome of Exposure to HCV Infection Genotype 4: A Large Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.14309","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Sanaa M","family":"Kamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar K","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany I","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled A","family":"Bahnasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer A","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahiem A","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman F","family":"Fathelbab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda M","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03432.x","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus.","volume":"13","author":"Lavanchy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R3-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01576.x","article-title":"HCV burden of infection in Egypt: results from a nationwide survey.","volume":"19","author":"Guerra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"R4-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.2.134","article-title":"Sentinel surveillance for patients with acute hepatitis in Egypt, 2001-04.","volume":"16","author":"Talaat","year":"2010","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"R5-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20392","article-title":"Surveillance of acute hepatitis C in Cairo, Egypt.","volume":"76","author":"El Gaafary","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R6-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1086\/500133","article-title":"Active surveillance for acute viral hepatitis in rural villages in the Nile Delta.","volume":"42","author":"Meky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R7-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1086\/315786","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of hepatitis C virus throughout Egypt.","volume":"182","author":"Ray","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360704","article-title":"Course and outcome of hepatitis C.","volume":"36","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R9-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00651.x","article-title":"Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.","volume":"13","author":"Micallef","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"R10-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1086\/507640","article-title":"Risk factors and outcome among a large patient cohort with community-acquired acute hepatitis C in Italy.","volume":"43","author":"Santantonio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1086\/522608","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C in a contemporary US cohort: modes of acquisition and factors influencing viral clearance.","volume":"196","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027555","article-title":"Female sex and IL28B, a synergism for spontaneous viral clearance in hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroconverters from a community-based cohort.","volume":"6","author":"van den Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R13-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.9.1499","article-title":"Analysis of successful immune responses in personsm infected with hepatitis C virus.","volume":"191","author":"Lechner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R14-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1395","article-title":"Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"194","author":"Thimme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R15-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202608299","article-title":"Viral and immunological determinants of hepatitis C virus clearance, persistence, and disease.","volume":"99","author":"Thimme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"R16-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050121","article-title":"Cellular immune selection with hepatitis C virus ersistence in humans.","volume":"201","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R17-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20749","article-title":"Comprehensive analyses of CD8 T cell responses during longitudinal study of acute human hepatitis C.","volume":"42","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R18-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1086\/422605","article-title":"Prevalence of production of virus-specific interferon-gamma among seronegative hepatitis C-resistant subjects reporting injection drug use.","volume":"190","author":"Freeman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12252","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12252-12258.2004","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in seronegative sexual contacts of acute hepatitis C patients.","volume":"78","author":"Kamal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R20-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.11.6681","article-title":"Presence of effector CD8 T cells in hepatitis C virus-exposed healthy seronegative donors.","volume":"162","author":"Scognamiglio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R21-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1086\/383279","article-title":"Clearance of hepatitis C viremia associated with cellular immunity in the absence of seroconversion in the hepatitis C incidence and transmission in prisons study cohort.","volume":"189","author":"Post","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1086\/589510","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific immune responses of long-term injection drug users frequently exposed to HCV.","volume":"198","author":"Mizukoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1086\/593337","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T-cell responses in injection drug users with apparent resistance to HCV infection.","volume":"198","author":"Thurairajah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)91443-5","article-title":"Influence of MHC class II genotype on outcome of infection with hepatitis C virus: the HENCORE group. Hepatitis C European Network for Cooperative Research.","volume":"354","author":"Thursz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R25-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-003-0594-5","article-title":"Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms and the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"55","author":"Knapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"R26-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.271","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the IL-12B gene and outcome of HCV infection.","volume":"25","author":"Houldsworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"R27-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08463","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus.","volume":"461","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R28-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.005","article-title":"A polymorphism near IL28B is associated with spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus and jaundice.","volume":"139","author":"Tillmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R29-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24263","article-title":"Estimating the net contribution of Interleukin-28B variation to spontaneous hepatitis C virus clearance.","volume":"53","author":"di Iulio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R30-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20266","article-title":"Pegylated interferon a therapy in acute hepatitis C: relation to hepatitis C virus specific T cell response kinetics.","volume":"39","author":"Kamal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R32-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004085","article-title":"Symptomatic acute hepatitis C in Egypt: diagnosis, spontaneous viral clearance, and delayed treatment with 12 Weeks of pegylated interferon alfa-2a.","volume":"3","author":"Sharaf Eldin","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R33-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.011","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C infection in a cohort of women in rural Egypt.","volume":"102","author":"Saleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R34-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2003.03.003","article-title":"Occupational exposure to needlestick injuries and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in Egypt.","volume":"31","author":"Talaat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R35-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540903095358","article-title":"Estimating the incidence, prevalence and clinical burden of hepatitis C over time in Italy.","volume":"41","author":"Mariano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R36-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1086\/605947","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users: a prospective study of incident infection, resolution, and reinfection.","volume":"200","author":"Page","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R37-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(03)00007-0","article-title":"Natural course of acute hepatitis C: a long-term prospective study.","volume":"35","author":"Santantonio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"R38-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078147","article-title":"Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males.","volume":"55","author":"Bakr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R39-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.01.009","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for community-acquired hepatitis C infection from birth to 5 years of age in rural Egyptian children.","volume":"104","author":"Saleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R40-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00668-1","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance.","volume":"125","author":"Gerlach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R41-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.217166","article-title":"Predicting spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus in a large cohort of HIV-1-infected men.","volume":"60","author":"Thomson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R42-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27024","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C without and with schistosomiasis: correlation with hepatitis C-specific CD4() T-cell and cytokine response.","volume":"121","author":"Kamal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R43-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037788","article-title":"Multispecific T cell response and negative HCV-RNA tests during acute HCV infection are early prognostic factors of spontaneous clearance.","volume":"53","author":"Spada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R44-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01581-07","article-title":"Spontaneous recovery in acute human hepatitis C virus infection: functional T-cell thresholds and relative importance of CD4 Help.","volume":"82","author":"Smyk-Pearson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R45-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/75063","article-title":"Maertens et al. Cellular immune responses persist and humoral responses decrease two decades after recovery from a single-source outbreak of hepatitis.","volume":"6","author":"Takaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R46-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-76","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus-specific cellular immune responses in individuals with no evidence of infection.","volume":"9","author":"Riviere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"R47-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23896","article-title":"Increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity and NKp30 expression protects against hepatitis C virus infection in high-risk individuals and inhibits replication in vitro.","volume":"52","author":"Golden-Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R48-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70353-7","article-title":"C et al. Recurrence of hepatitis C virus after loss of virus specific CD4() T-cell response in acute hepatitis C.","volume":"117","author":"Gerlach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R49-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.222976","article-title":"Interferon lambdas: the next cytokine storm.","volume":"60","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R50-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir536","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in IL28B is associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection in an Egyptian cohort.","volume":"204","author":"Kurbanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R51-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment induced viral clearance.","volume":"461","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R52-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.447","article-title":"IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon- and ribavirin therapy.","volume":"41","author":"Suppiah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R53-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24154","article-title":"IL 28B genetic variation and treatment response in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection.","volume":"53","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R54-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.005","article-title":"A polymorphism in IL28B distinguishes exposed, uninfected individuals from spontaneous resolvers of HCV infection.","volume":"141","author":"Knapp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R55-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25647","article-title":"Dysregulation of host innate immunity in HCV genotype 1 infected IL28B CTTT haplotype patients with depressed viral kinetics and therapeutic response.","volume":"56","author":"Naggie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R56-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016358108","article-title":"Innate immune genes synergize to predict increased risk of chronic disease in hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"108","author":"Dring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"R57-13-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21197","article-title":"Duration of peginterferon therapy in acute hepatitis C: a randomized trial.","volume":"43","author":"Kamal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ajg2013427.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ajg2013427","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ajg2013427.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000434-201402000-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:01:46Z","timestamp":1786543306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000434-201402000-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2013.427","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}}}