{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T05:45:27Z","timestamp":1793684727429,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T07:55:10Z","timestamp":1419321310000},"page":"127-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":283,"title":["Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Classification of Fecal Incontinence: State of the Science Summary for the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Workshop"],"prefix":"10.14309","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Adil E","family":"Bharucha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gena","family":"Dunivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S","family":"Goode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S","family":"Lukacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alayne D","family":"Markland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca G","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R","family":"Zinsmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish S C","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence.","volume":"126","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R2-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01303162","article-title":"U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact.","volume":"38","author":"Drossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R3-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530070057030","article-title":"Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence.","volume":"274","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R4-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90175-X","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study.","volume":"102","author":"Talley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R5-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A32","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)22793-8","article-title":"Fecal incontinence: prevalence and risk factors in the community.","volume":"108","author":"Reilly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R6-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.480","article-title":"Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community.","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R7-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202760230865","article-title":"A population-based study on bowel habits in a Swedish community: prevalence of faecal incontinence and constipation.","volume":"37","author":"Walter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R8-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.04.006","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of fecal incontinence: a population based study in women.","volume":"129","author":"Bharucha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R9-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.018","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in US women: a population-based study.","volume":"193","author":"Melville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R10-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.30511.x","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors assosemishy;ciated with fecal incontinence in a large community study of older individuals.","volume":"100","author":"Quander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R11-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0535-0","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in females older than aged 40 years: who is at risk?","volume":"49","author":"Varma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R12-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.11.1311","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women.","volume":"300","author":"Nygaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R13-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.054","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in US adults: epidemiology and risk factors.","volume":"137","author":"Whitehead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R14-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12018","article-title":"Accidental bowel leakage in the mature womens health study: prevalence and predictors.","volume":"66","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R15-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02028.x","article-title":"A new questionnaire for constipation and fecal incontinence.","volume":"20","author":"Bharucha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R16-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02908.x","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for fecal incontinence in black and white older adults: a population-based study.","volume":"58","author":"Markland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R17-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31829efbff","article-title":"Risk factors for urinary, fecal, or dual incontinence in the nurses health study.","volume":"122","author":"Matthews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R18-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53211.x","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling older adults.","volume":"53","author":"Goode","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R19-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.594","article-title":"Onset and risk factors for fecal incontinence in a US community.","volume":"105","author":"Rey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R20-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00407-0","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in the institutionalized elderly: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis.","volume":"106","author":"Chassagne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R21-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/28.3.301","article-title":"Mortality in relation to urinary and faecal incontinence in elderly people living at home.","volume":"28","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"R22-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/324602","article-title":"Digestive symptoms in older adults: prevalence and associations with institutionalization and mortality.","volume":"26","author":"Alameel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R23-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.081","article-title":"The perspective of the patient.","volume":"126","author":"Norton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R25-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm085","article-title":"Increased work-load associated with faecal incontinence among home care patients in 11 European countries.","volume":"18","author":"Finne-Soveri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"R26-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/27.2.194","article-title":"Incontinence in elderly cared for by family.","volume":"27","author":"Noelker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"R27-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03543.x","article-title":"Incontinence among elderly community-dwelling dementia patients. Characteristics, management, and impact on caregivers.","volume":"38","author":"Ouslander","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R28-17-20210210","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction.","volume":"91","author":"Johanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R29-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.030","article-title":"Anal incontinence in women presenting for gynecologic care: prevalence, risk factors, and impact upon quality of life.","volume":"192","author":"Boreham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R31-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20905","article-title":"Raising awareness about fecal incontinence.","volume":"29","author":"Bliss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"R32-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0b013e31828016d3","article-title":"Factors associated with care seeking among women with accidental bowel leakage.","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R33-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2005.01549.x","article-title":"Bowel function among people 75 reporting faecal incontinence in relation to help seeking, dependency and quality of life.","volume":"16","author":"Stenzelius","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"R34-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/45.2.157","article-title":"Characteristics predicting nursing home admission in the program of all-inclusive care for elderly people.","volume":"45","author":"Friedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"R35-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02863.x","article-title":"Survey of geriatricians on the effect of fecal incontinence on nursing home referral.","volume":"58","author":"Grover","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R36-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07046.x","article-title":"Predictors of nursing home placement in community-based long-term care.","volume":"43","author":"Tsuji","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R37-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510012172","article-title":"Costs of outpatients with fecal incontinence.","volume":"40","author":"Deutekom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R38-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e31823dfd6d","article-title":"Economic cost of fecal incontinence.","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R39-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5491","article-title":"Outcome and cost analysis of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence.","volume":"93","author":"Hetzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"R40-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049407","article-title":"New grading and scoring for anal incontinence. Evaluation of 335 patients.","volume":"35","author":"Pescatori","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R41-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050307","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence.","volume":"36","author":"Jorge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R42-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236199","article-title":"Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence severity index.","volume":"42","author":"Rockwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R43-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.77","article-title":"Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems.","volume":"44","author":"Vaizey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R44-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.01.003","article-title":"Symptoms and quality of life in community women with fecal incontinence.","volume":"4","author":"Bharucha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R45-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0899-y","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Modified Manchester Health Questionnaire in assessing patients with fecal incontinence.","volume":"48","author":"Kwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R47-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234823","article-title":"What is the impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life?","volume":"44","author":"Rothbarth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R48-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2005.00772.x","article-title":"Impact of faecal incontinence severity on health domains.","volume":"7","author":"Deutekom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"R50-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318276b24c","article-title":"Long-term durability of sacral nerve stimulation therapy for chronic fecal incontinence.","volume":"56","author":"Hull","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R51-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-003-0025-5","article-title":"Multimodal rehabilitation for faecal incontinence: experience of an Italian centre devoted to faecal disorder rehabilitation.","volume":"7","author":"Pucciani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"R52-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9069-3","article-title":"A patient-centered approach to developing a comprehensive symptom and quality of life assessment of anal incontinence.","volume":"51","author":"Cotterill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R53-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318279c2ac","article-title":"The revised faecal incontinence scale: a clinical validation of a new, short measure for assessment and outcomes evaluation.","volume":"56","author":"Sansoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R54-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182272128","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of a new patient-completed questionnaire for evaluating anal incontinence symptoms and impact on quality of life: the ICIQ-B.","volume":"54","author":"Cotterill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R55-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0774-x","article-title":"Rectal hypersensitivity worsens stool frequency, urgency, and lifestyle in patients with urge fecal incontinence.","volume":"48","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R56-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237236","article-title":"Fecal incontinence quality of life scale: quality of life instrument for patients with fecal incontinence.","volume":"43","author":"Rockwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R57-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-2020-8","article-title":"A new measure of sexual function in women with pelvic floor disorders (PFD): the Pelvic Organ ProlapseIncontinence Sexual Questionnaire, IUGA-Revised (PISQ-IR).","volume":"24","author":"Rogers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"R58-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00553.x","article-title":"Risk factors for fecal incontinence: a population based study in women.","volume":"101","author":"Bharucha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R59-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01792.x","article-title":"Relation of bowel habits to fecal incontinence in women.","volume":"103","author":"Bharucha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R60-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.056","article-title":"Bowel disturbances are the most important risk factors for late onset fecal incontinence: a population-based case-control study in women.","volume":"139","author":"Bharucha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R61-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.45","article-title":"3rd et al. Obstetric trauma, pelvic floor injury and fecal incontinence: a population-based case-control study.","volume":"107","author":"Bharucha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R62-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1288-0","article-title":"Incontinence - an underappreciated problem in obesity and bariatric surgery.","volume":"55","author":"Bharucha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R63-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001257","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001257","article-title":"Prevalence of anal incontinence among Norwegian women: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"2","author":"Rommen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R64-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery.","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R65-17-20210210","first-page":"S73","article-title":"Does cesarean delivery protect against pelvic floor dysfunction at 6 months postpartum?","volume":"18","author":"Rogers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R66-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3109\/00016340903576004","article-title":"A systematic review of etiological factors for postpartum fecal incontinence.","volume":"89","author":"Bols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R67-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115997","article-title":"Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery.","volume":"185","author":"Chaliha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R68-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000218096.54169.34","article-title":"Parity, mode of delivery, and pelvic floor disorders.","volume":"107","author":"Lukacz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R69-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.03.056","article-title":"The effect of pregnancy and mode of delivery on the prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence.","volume":"193","author":"McKinnie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R70-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181d04dff","article-title":"Urinary and anal incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: incidence, severity, and risk factors.","volume":"115","author":"Solans-Domenech","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R71-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.01.013","article-title":"Pelvic floor morbidity up to one year after difficult instrumental delivery and cesarean section in the second stage of labor: a cohort study.","volume":"191","author":"Liebling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R72-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11669.x","article-title":"The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery.","volume":"107","author":"MacLennan","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"R73-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000232504.32589.3b","article-title":"Fecal and urinary incontinence in primiparous women.","volume":"108","author":"Borello-France","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R74-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01553.x","article-title":"Does the mode of delivery predispose women to anal incontinence in the first year postsemishy;partum? A comparative systematic review.","volume":"115","author":"Pretlove","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"R75-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02258218","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes: prevalence and associations.","volume":"41","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R76-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.007","article-title":"Prevalence of incontinence by race and ethnicity of older people admitted to nursing homes.","volume":"14","author":"Bliss","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"R78-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.010","article-title":"Likelihood of nursing home referral for fecally incontinent elderly patients is influenced by physician views on nursing home care and outpatient management of fecal incontinence.","volume":"13","author":"Nyrop","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"R79-17-20210210","first-page":"E97","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling men.","volume":"9","author":"Shamliyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Gastroenterol Disord"},{"key":"R80-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/ciia.2007.2.1.139","article-title":"Factors contributing to fecal incontinence in older people and outcome of routine management in home, hospital and nursing home settings.","volume":"2","author":"Akpan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"R81-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02215.x","article-title":"Prevalence of constipation symptoms in fecally incontinent nursing home residents.","volume":"57","author":"Schnelle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R82-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90194-5","article-title":"Anorectal function in elderly patients with fecal impaction.","volume":"89","author":"Read","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R83-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.3.353","article-title":"Effect of aging on anorectal function.","volume":"28","author":"Bannister","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R84-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0657-4","article-title":"Effect of aging on anorectal and pelvic floor functions in females erratum appears in Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50: 404.","volume":"49","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R85-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G256","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00099.2012","article-title":"Anal sphincteric neurogenic injury in asymptomatic nulliparous women and fecal incontinence.","volume":"303","author":"Bharucha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"R86-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb06415.x","article-title":"Effects of prompted voiding on fecal continence among nursing home residents.","volume":"44","author":"Ouslander","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R87-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02978.x","article-title":"A controlled trial of an intervention to improve urinary and fecal incontinence and constipation.","volume":"58","author":"Schnelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R88-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.2.159","article-title":"Does treatment of constipation improve faecal incontinence in institutionalized elderly patients?","volume":"29","author":"Chassagne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"R89-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0b013e31822efe52","article-title":"A 3-in-1 perineal care washcloth impregnated with dimethicone 3 versus water and pH neutral soap to prevent and treat incontinence-associated dermatitis: a randosemishy;mized, controlled clinical trial.","volume":"38","author":"Beeckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs"},{"key":"R90-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2006.00803.x","article-title":"Pelvic floor: anatomy and function.","volume":"18","author":"Bharucha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"R91-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.013","article-title":"Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence.","volume":"126","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R92-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0315","article-title":"The etiology, assessment, and treatment of fecal incontinence.","volume":"2","author":"Andrews","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R93-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.6.807","article-title":"Utility of a combined test of anorectal manometry, electromyography, and sensation in determining the mechanism of idiopathic faecal incontinence.","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R94-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.047696","article-title":"Relationship between symptoms and disordered continence mechanisms in women with idiopathic fecal incontinence.","volume":"54","author":"Bharucha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R95-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000069","article-title":"Translumbar and transsacral magnetic neurostimulation for the assessment of neuropathy in fecal incontinence.","volume":"57","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R97-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02675.x","article-title":"Low rectal volumes in patients suffering from fecal incontinence: what does it mean?","volume":"22","author":"Siproudhis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R98-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G282","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00176.2006","article-title":"Rectal sensorimotor dysfunction in women with fecal incontinence.","volume":"292","author":"Andrews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"R99-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00927.x","article-title":"Clinical presentation of fecal incontinence and anorectal function: what is the relationship?","volume":"102","author":"Deutekom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R100-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235265","article-title":"Paradoxical high anal resting pressures in men with idiopathic fecal seepage.","volume":"41","author":"Parellada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"24","key":"RU102-17-20210210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00329-9","article-title":"Fecal incontinence.","author":"Bharucha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ajg2014396.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ajg2014396","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ajg2014396.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000434-201501000-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T15:08:39Z","timestamp":1786547319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000434-201501000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2014.396","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}}}