{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:21:46Z","timestamp":1792045306808,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]],"date-time":"2016-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Pharmacol Sin"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]],"date-time":"2016-05-16T09:06:57Z","timestamp":1463389617000},"page":"1045-1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Polygalasaponin XXXII, a triterpenoid saponin from Polygalae Radix, attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-feng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang-jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-na","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-ming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFaps201617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.05.002","volume":"29","author":"HM Gao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gao HM, Hong JS . Why neurodegenerative diseases are progressive: uncontrolled inflammation drives disease progression. Trends Immunol 2008; 29: 357\u201365.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132738","volume":"42 Suppl 3","author":"E Radi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radi E, Formichi P, Battisti C, Federico A . Apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimer's Dis 2014; 42 Suppl 3: S125\u201352.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm318","volume":"131","author":"TH Pan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pan TH, Kondo S, Le WD, Jankovic J . The role of autophagy-lysosome pathway in neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's disease. Brain 2008; 131: 1969\u201378.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318293e2ce","volume":"80","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dorsey ER, George BP, Leff B, Willis AW . The coming crisis: obtaining care for the growing burden of neurodegenerative conditions. Neurology 2013; 80: 1989\u201396.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.12.002","volume":"134","author":"HO Tayeb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tayeb HO, Yang HD, Price BH, Tarazi FI . Pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease: beyond cholinesterase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134: 8\u201325.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212798919002","volume":"18","author":"HG Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim HG, Oh MS . Herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 57\u201375.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR7","first-page":"639","volume":"20","author":"WD Peng","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peng WD . Hypotensive effect of tenuifolic saponin and its mechanism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 1999; 20: 639\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.008","volume":"137","author":"MH Cheong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheong MH, Lee SR, Yoo HS, Jeong JW, Kim GY, Kim WJ, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygalae Radix through inhibition of NF-\u03baB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137: 1402\u20138.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e 88617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088617","volume":"9","author":"IJ Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin IJ, Son SU, Park H, Kim Y, Park SH, Swanberg K, et al. Preclinical evidence of rapid-onset antidepressant-like effect in Radix Polygalae extract. PLoS One 2014; 9: e 88617.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.06.034","volume":"645","author":"YJ Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen YJ, Huang XB, Li ZX, Yin LL, Chen WQ, Li L . Tenuigenin protects cultured hippocampal neurons against methylglyoxal-induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 645: 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.1081","volume":"27","author":"Y Ikeya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ikeya Y, Takeda S, Tunakawa M, Karakida H, Toda K, Yamaguchi T, et al. Cognitive improving and cerebral protective effects of acylated oligosaccharides in Polygala tenuifolia. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27: 1081\u20135.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10429","volume":"70","author":"CH Park","year":"2002","unstructured":"Park CH, Choi SH, Koo JW, Seo JH, Kim HS, Jeong SJ, et al. Novel cognitive improving and neuroprotective activities of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow extract, BT-11. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70: 484\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.024","volume":"454","author":"JY Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee JY, Kim KY, Shin KY, Won BY, Jung HY, Suh YH . Effects of BT-11 on memory in healthy humans. Neurosci Lett 2009; 454: 111\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.08.033","volume":"465","author":"KY Shin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shin KY, Lee JY, Won BY, Jung HY, Chang KA, Koppula S, et al. BT-11 is effective for enhancing cognitive functions in the elderly humans. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465: 157\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034296","volume":"74","author":"CJ Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li CJ, Yang JZ, Yu SS, Chen NH, Xue W, Hu JF, et al. Triterpenoid saponins with neuroprotective effects from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia. Planta Med 2008; 74: 133\u201341.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.44.810","volume":"44","author":"D Zhang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zhang D, Miyase T, Kuroyanagi M, Umehara K, Ueno A . Five new triterpene saponins, polygalasaponins XXVIII-XXXII from the root of Polygala japonica Houtt. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996; 44: 810\u20135.","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.02.049","volume":"242","author":"XY Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song XY, Hu JF, Sun MN, Li ZP, Wu DH, Ji HJ, et al. IMM-H004, a novel coumarin derivative compound, protects against amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Neuroscience 2013; 242: 28\u201338.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1499-2","volume":"204","author":"HB Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin HB, Yang XM, Li TJ, Cheng YF, Zhang HT, Xu JP . Memory deficits and neurochemical changes induced by C-reactive protein in rats: implication in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology 2009; 204: 705\u201314.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-009-0403-5","volume":"83","author":"S Xi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xi S, Sun W, Wang F, Jin Y, Sun G . Transplacental and early life exposure to inorganic arsenic affected development and behavior in offspring rats. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83: 549\u201356.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11332","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11332","volume":"5","author":"ZZ Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang ZZ, Yang WX, Zhang Y, Zhao N, Zhang YZ, Liu YQ, et al. Phosphodiesterase-4D knock-down in the prefrontal cortex alleviates chronic unpredictable stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and memory deficits in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 11332","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2011.199","volume":"33","author":"F Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun F, Sun JD, Han N, Li CJ, Yuan YH, Zhang DM, et al. Polygalasaponin F induces long-term potentiation in adult rat hippocampus via NMDA receptor activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33: 431\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.770150","volume":"47","author":"JW Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li JW, Ning N, Ma YZ, Zhang R, Tan F, Chen NH . Claulansine F suppresses apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprusside in PC12 cells. Free Radical Res 2013; 47: 488\u201397.","journal-title":"Free Radical Res"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.07.067","volume":"483","author":"JF Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu JF, Chu SF, Ning N, Yuan YH, Xue W, Chen NH, et al. Protective effect of (\u2013)clausenamide against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 483: 78\u201382.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.12.030","volume":"134","author":"JG Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi JG, Kim HG, Kim MC, Yang WM, Huh Y, Kim SY, et al. Polygalae radix inhibits toxin-induced neuronal death in the Parkinson's disease models. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 134: 414\u201321.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1892","volume":"29","author":"R Naito","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naito R, Tohda C . Characterization of anti-neurodegenerative effects of Polygala tenuifolia in Abeta(25\u201335)-treated cortical neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 1892\u20136.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420170-5.00001-5","volume":"122","author":"ZU Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan ZU, Martin-Montanez E, Navarro-Lobato I, Muly EC . Memory deficits in aging and neurological diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2014; 122: 1\u201329.","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00393.x","volume":"28","author":"U Ebert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ebert U, Kirch W . Scopolamine model of dementia: electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance. Eur J Clin Invest 1998; 28: 944\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00255.x","volume":"27","author":"R Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang R, Yan H, Tang XC . Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27: 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X04002235","volume":"32","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Ban JY, Koh SB, Seong NS, Song KS, Bae KW, et al. Polygalae radix extract protects cultured rat granule cells against damage induced by NMDA. Am J Chin Med 2004; 32: 599\u2013610.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903280034","volume":"48","author":"Y Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu Y, Liu P, Guo DH, Rahman K, Wang DX, Xie TT . Antidepressant effects of the extract YZ-50 from Polygala tenuifolia in chronic mild stress treated rats and its possible mechanisms. Pharm Biol 2010; 48: 794\u2013800.","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8856","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.19.8856","volume":"92","author":"M Korte","year":"1995","unstructured":"Korte M, Carroll P, Wolf E, Brem G, Thoenen H, Bonhoeffer T . Hippocampal long-term potentiation is impaired in mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 8856\u201360.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7006","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0195-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"BW Luikart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luikart BW, Zhang W, Wayman GA, Kwon CH, Westbrook GL, Parada LF . Neurotrophin-dependent dendritic filopodial motility: a convergence on PI3K signaling. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 7006\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2174\/18715273113129990061","volume":"12","author":"K Ulu\u00e7","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ulu\u00e7 K, Kendigelen P, Fidan E, Zhang L, Chanana V, Kintner D, et al. TrkB receptor agonist 7, 8 dihydroxyflavone triggers profound gender-dependent neuroprotection in mice after perinatal hypoxia and ischemia. CNS Neurol Disorders-Drug 2013; 12: 360\u201370.","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disorders-Drug"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2009.112","volume":"30","author":"W Xue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xue W, Hu JF, Yuan YH, Sun JD, Li BY, Zhang DM, et al. Polygalasaponin XXXII from Polygalae Radix improves hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30: 1211\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15032","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15032","volume":"5","author":"Y Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu Y, Luo X, Liu X, Liu D, Wang X, Guo Z, et al. Intraperitoneal administration of a novel TAT-BDNF peptide ameliorates cognitive impairments via modulating multiple pathways in two Alzheimer's rodent models. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 15032\u201344.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.51202","volume":"9","author":"WJ Tyler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tyler WJ, Alonso M, Bramham CR, Pozzo-Miller LD . From acquisition to consolidation: on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampal-dependent learning. Learn Memory 2002; 9: 224\u201337.","journal-title":"Learn Memory"},{"key":"BFaps201617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/361031a0","volume":"361","author":"TV Bliss","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bliss TV, Collingridge GL . A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993; 361: 31\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Acta Pharmacologica Sinica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/aps201617.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/aps201617","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/aps201617.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T12:34:14Z","timestamp":1684413254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/aps201617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BFaps201617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/aps.2016.17","relation":{},"ISSN":["1671-4083","1745-7254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1671-4083","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-7254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}