{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:00:35Z","timestamp":1792008035780,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]],"date-time":"2011-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]],"date-time":"2011-07-19T16:06:48Z","timestamp":1311091608000},"page":"709-722","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"105","author":[{"name":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-5-1273","volume":"70","author":"R Azziz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Azziz R, Bradley Jr E, Huth J, Boots LR, Parker Jr CR, Zacur HA (1990) Acute adrenocorticotropin-(1-24) (ACTH) adrenal stimulation in eumenorrheic women: reproducibility and effect of ACTH dose, subject weight, and sampling time. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 1273\u20131279","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70099-2","volume":"8","author":"R Baan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Cogliano V (2007) Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 8: 292\u2013293","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-0069-3","volume":"115","author":"L Baglietto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baglietto L, English DR, Hopper JL, MacInnis RJ, Morris HA, Tilley WD, Krishnan K, Giles GG (2009) Circulating steroid hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women in relation to body size and composition. Breast Cancer Res Treat 115: 171\u2013179","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02587.x","volume":"65","author":"TM Barber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barber TM, McCarthy MI, Wass JA, Franks S (2006) Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65: 137\u2013145","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24300-2","volume":"272","author":"JA Baron","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baron JA, Comi RJ, Cryns V, Brinck-Johnsen T, Mercer NG (1995) The effect of cigarette smoking on adrenal cortical hormones. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272: 151\u2013155","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR6","first-page":"6571","volume":"50","author":"E Barrett-Connor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barrett-Connor E, Friedlander NJ, Khaw KT (1990) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 50: 6571\u20136574","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.5.291","volume":"88","author":"F Berrino","year":"1996","unstructured":"Berrino F, Muti P, Micheli A, Bolelli G, Krogh V, Sciajno R, Pisani P, Panico S, Secreto G (1996) Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 291\u2013296","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CACO.0000024256.48104.50","volume":"15","author":"SM Boyapati","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boyapati SM, Shu XO, Gao YT, Dai Q, Yu H, Cheng JR, Jin F, Zheng W (2004) Correlation of blood sex steroid hormones with body size, body fat distribution, and other known risk factors for breast cancer in post-menopausal Chinese women. Cancer Causes Control 15: 305\u2013311","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1399","volume":"92","author":"AR Cappola","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cappola AR, Ratcliffe SJ, Bhasin S, Blackman MR, Cauley J, Robbins J, Zmuda JM, Harris T, Fried LP (2007) Determinants of serum total and free testosterone levels in women over the age of 65 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 509\u2013516","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91617-J","volume":"166","author":"DL Cassidenti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cassidenti DL, Pike MC, Vijod AG, Stanczyk FZ, Lobo RA (1992) A reevaluation of estrogen status in postmenopausal women who smoke. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166: 1444\u20131448","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-4_Part_1-199902160-00004","volume":"130","author":"JA Cauley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cauley JA, Lucas FL, Kuller LH, Stone K, Browner W, Cummings SR (1999) Elevated serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations are associated with a high risk for breast cancer. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 130: 270\u2013277","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR12","first-page":"332","volume":"15","author":"MF Chan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chan MF, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Wareham N, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Khaw KT (2008) Past oral contraceptive and hormone therapy use and endogenous hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Menopause 15: 332\u2013339","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9574-z","volume":"108","author":"M Chavez-MacGregor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chavez-MacGregor M, van Gils CH, van der Schouw YT, Monninkhof E, van Noord PA, Peeters PH (2008) Lifetime cumulative number of menstrual cycles and serum sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 108: 101\u2013112","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600596","volume":"87","author":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (2002) Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58\u2009515 women with breast cancer and 95\u2009067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 87: 1234\u20131245","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR15","first-page":"1283","volume":"80","author":"JC Crave","year":"1995","unstructured":"Crave JC, Lejeune H, Brebant C, Baret C, Pugeat M (1995) Differential effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on the production of plasma steroid-binding globulins by human hepatoblastoma-derived (Hep G2) cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 1283\u20131289","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0386","volume":"94","author":"S Crawford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crawford S, Santoro N, Laughlin GA, Sowers MF, McConnell D, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Weiss G, Vuga M, Randolph J, Lasley B (2009) Circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 2945\u20132951","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-006-9255-3","volume":"100","author":"Y Cui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cui Y, Miller AB, Rohan TE (2006) Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: update of a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 100: 293\u2013299","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0212","volume":"90","author":"SL Davison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Davis SR (2005) Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 3847\u20133853","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.9.710","volume":"93","author":"JF Dorgan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dorgan JF, Baer DJ, Albert PS, Judd JT, Brown ED, Corle DK, Campbell WS, Hartman TJ, Tejpar AA, Clevidence BA, Giffen CA, Chandler DW, Stanczyk FZ, Taylor PR (2001) Serum hormones and the alcohol-breast cancer association in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 710\u2013715","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR20","first-page":"533","volume":"5","author":"JF Dorgan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dorgan JF, Longcope C, Stephenson Jr HE, Falk RT, Miller R, Franz C, Kahle L, Campbell WS, Tangrea JA, Schatzkin A (1996) Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5: 533\u2013539","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR21","first-page":"177","volume":"6","author":"JF Dorgan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dorgan JF, Stanczyk FZ, Longcope C, Stephenson Jr HE, Chang L, Miller R, Franz C, Falk RT, Kahle L (1997) Relationship of serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol to risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6: 177\u2013181","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.8.606","volume":"94","author":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2002) Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 606\u2013616","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg022","volume":"95","author":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group","year":"2003","unstructured":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003a) Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 95: 1218\u20131226","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR24","first-page":"1457","volume":"12","author":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group","year":"2003","unstructured":"Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003b) Free estradiol and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: comparison of measured and calculated values. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12: 1457\u20131461","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0581","volume":"92","author":"RH Fogle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fogle RH, Stanczyk FZ, Zhang X, Paulson RJ (2007) Ovarian androgen production in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 3040\u20133043","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116228","volume":"135","author":"CF Garland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garland CF, Friedlander NJ, Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT (1992) Sex hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer: a prospective study in an adult community. Am J Epidemiol 135: 1220\u20131230","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000009923","volume":"45","author":"ES Ginsburg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ginsburg ES, Gao X, Shea BF, Barbieri RL (1998) Half-life of estradiol in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 45: 45\u201348","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR28","first-page":"3859","volume":"50","author":"GB Gordon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gordon GB, Bush TL, Helzlsouer KJ, Miller SR, Comstock GW (1990) Relationship of serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res 50: 3859\u20133862","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-36-2-207","volume":"36","author":"JM Grodin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Grodin JM, Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC (1973) Source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36: 207\u2013214","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn415","volume":"101","author":"MJ Gunter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE, Manson JE, Li J, Ho GY, Xue X, Anderson GL, Kaplan RC, Harris TG, Howard BV, Wylie-Rosett J, Burk RD, Strickler HD (2009) Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 101: 48\u201360","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.17.1292","volume":"90","author":"SE Hankinson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Barbieri RL, Speizer FE (1998) Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 1292\u20131299","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR32","first-page":"79","volume":"18","author":"KJ Helzlsouer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Bush TL, Longcope C, Gordon GB, Comstock GW (1994) A prospective study of endogenous hormones and breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 18: 79\u201385","journal-title":"Cancer Detect Prev"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"83","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2004","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2004) Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 83: 1\u20131438","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-39-6-1020","volume":"39","author":"HL Judd","year":"1974","unstructured":"Judd HL, Judd GE, Lucas WE, Yen SS (1974b) Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 1020\u20131024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(74)90490-6","volume":"118","author":"HL Judd","year":"1974","unstructured":"Judd HL, Lucas WE, Yen SS (1974a) Effect of oophorectomy on circulating testosterone and androstenedione levels in patients with endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118: 793\u2013798","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01038","volume":"12","author":"R Kaaks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaaks R, Rinaldi S, Key TJ, Berrino F, Peeters PH, Biessy C, Dossus L, Lukanova A, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Allen NE, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Gils CH, Grobbee D, Boeing H, Lahmann PH, Nagel G, Chang-Claude J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fournier A, Thiebaut A, Gonzalez CA, Quiros JR, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Krogh V, Palli D, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Trichopoulou A, Kalapothaki V, Trichopoulos D, Ferrari P, Norat T, Saracci R, Riboli E (2005) Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Endocr Relat Cancer 12: 1071\u20131082","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR37","first-page":"575","volume":"9","author":"M Kabuto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kabuto M, Akiba S, Stevens RG, Neriishi K, Land CE (2000) A prospective study of estradiol and breast cancer in Japanese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9: 575\u2013579","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01867","volume":"152","author":"D Kapoor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kapoor D, Jones TH (2005) Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 152: 491\u2013499","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.151","volume":"20","author":"SA Kaye","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kaye SA, Folsom AR, Soler JT, Prineas RJ, Potter JD (1991) Associations of body mass and fat distribution with sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Int J Epidemiol 20: 151\u2013156","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036115","volume":"15","author":"JL Kelsey","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM (1993) Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 15: 36\u201347","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(88)90173-3","volume":"24","author":"TJ Key","year":"1988","unstructured":"Key TJ, Pike MC (1988) The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24: 29\u201343","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-6-1651","volume":"70","author":"TJ Key","year":"1990","unstructured":"Key TJ, Pike MC, Wang DY, Moore JW (1990) Long term effects of a first pregnancy on serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 1651\u20131653","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806303182601","volume":"318","author":"KT Khaw","year":"1988","unstructured":"Khaw KT, Tazuke S, Barrett-Connor E (1988) Cigarette smoking and levels of adrenal androgens in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 318: 1705\u20131709","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR44","first-page":"645","volume":"85","author":"GA Laughlin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D, von Muhlen D (2000) Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and endogenous sex hormone levels in older women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 645\u2013651","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2378","volume":"91","author":"JS Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JS, Ettinger B, Stanczyk FZ, Vittinghoff E, Hanes V, Cauley JA, Chandler W, Settlage J, Beattie MS, Folkerd E, Dowsett M, Grady D, Cummings SR (2006) Comparison of methods to measure low serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3791\u20133797","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d1016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1016","volume":"342","author":"J Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo J, Margolis KL, Wactawski-Wende J, Horn K, Messina C, Stefanick ML, Tindle HA, Tong E, Rohan TE (2011) Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. BMJ 342: d1016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910300408","volume":"30","author":"B MacMahon","year":"1982","unstructured":"MacMahon B, Trichopoulos D, Brown J, Andersen AP, Cole P, deWaard F, Kauraniemi T, Polychronopoulou A, Ravnihar B, Stormby N, Westlund K (1982) Age at menarche, urine estrogens and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 30: 427\u2013431","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008838412423","volume":"9","author":"MP Madigan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Madigan MP, Troisi R, Potischman N, Dorgan JF, Brinton LA, Hoover RN (1998) Serum hormone levels in relation to reproductive and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 9: 199\u2013207","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025671317220","volume":"14","author":"J Manjer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Manjer J, Johansson R, Berglund G, Janzon L, Kaaks R, Agren A, Lenner P (2003) Postmenopausal breast cancer risk in relation to sex steroid hormones, prolactin and SHBG (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 14: 599\u2013607","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-0385-4","volume":"20","author":"J Manjer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manjer J, Johansson R, Lenner P (2005) Smoking as a determinant for plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and DHEAs in postmenopausal women. Eur J Epidemiol 20: 331\u2013337","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(97)80035-1","volume":"11","author":"TJ McKenna","year":"1997","unstructured":"McKenna TJ, Fearon U, Clarke D, Cunningham SK (1997) A critical review of the origin and control of adrenal androgens. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 11: 229\u2013248","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9588-6","volume":"108","author":"A McTiernan","year":"2008","unstructured":"McTiernan A, Wu L, Barnabei VM, Chen C, Hendrix S, Modugno F, Rohan T, Stanczyk FZ, Wang CY (2008) Relation of demographic factors, menstrual history, reproduction and medication use to sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 108: 217\u2013231","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.191","volume":"14","author":"A McTiernan","year":"2006","unstructured":"McTiernan A, Wu L, Chen C, Chlebowski R, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Modugno F, Perri MG, Stanczyk FZ, Van Horn L, Wang CY (2006) Relation of BMI and physical activity to sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14: 1662\u20131677","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR54","first-page":"624","volume":"57","author":"DR Meldrum","year":"1981","unstructured":"Meldrum DR, Davidson BJ, Tataryn IV, Judd HL (1981) Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 57: 624\u2013628","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00212838","volume":"94","author":"JH Mendelson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mendelson JH, Lukas SE, Mello NK, Amass L, Ellingboe J, Skupny A (1988) Acute alcohol effects on plasma estradiol levels in women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94: 464\u2013467","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611203152101","volume":"315","author":"JJ Michnovicz","year":"1986","unstructured":"Michnovicz JJ, Hershcopf RJ, Naganuma H, Bradlow HL, Fishman J (1986) Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N Engl J Med 315: 1305\u20131309","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199011000-00010","volume":"1","author":"AS Midgette","year":"1990","unstructured":"Midgette AS, Baron JA (1990) Cigarette smoking and the risk of natural menopause. Epidemiology 1: 474\u2013480","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh336","volume":"96","author":"SA Missmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Missmer SA, Eliassen AH, Barbieri RL, Hankinson SE (2004) Endogenous estrogen, androgen, and progesterone concentrations and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 96: 1856\u20131865","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200512020-00016","volume":"12","author":"ML Misso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Misso ML, Jang C, Adams J, Tran J, Murata Y, Bell R, Boon WC, Simpson ER, Davis SR (2005) Adipose aromatase gene expression is greater in older women and is unaffected by postmenopausal estrogen therapy. Menopause 12: 210\u2013215","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.262","volume":"56","author":"JW Moore","year":"1987","unstructured":"Moore JW, Key TJ, Bulbrook RD, Clark GM, Allen DS, Wang DY, Pike MC (1987) Sex hormone binding globulin and risk factors for breast cancer in a population of normal women who had never used exogenous sex hormones. Br J Cancer 56: 661\u2013666","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2000.tb01039.x","volume":"91","author":"C Nagata","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K (2000) Relations of insulin resistance and serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin to potential breast cancer risk factors. Jpn J Cancer Res 91: 948\u2013953","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(00)00105-5","volume":"35","author":"RB Ness","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ness RB, Buhari A, Gutai J, Kuller LH (2000) Reproductive history in relation to plasma hormone levels in healthy post-menopausal women. Maturitas 35: 149\u2013157","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199505000-00022","volume":"6","author":"PA Newcomb","year":"1995","unstructured":"Newcomb PA, Klein R, Klein BE, Haffner S, Mares-Perlman J, Cruickshanks KJ, Marcus PM (1995) Association of dietary and life-style factors with sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 6: 318\u2013321","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0614","volume":"90","author":"NC Onland-Moret","year":"2005","unstructured":"Onland-Moret NC, Peeters PH, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, van Gils CH (2005) Alcohol and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 1414\u20131419","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21730","volume":"118","author":"S Rinaldi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rinaldi S, Key TJ, Peeters PH, Lahmann PH, Lukanova A, Dossus L, Biessy C, Vineis P, Sacerdote C, Berrino F, Panico S, Tumino R, Palli D, Nagel G, Linseisen J, Boeing H, Roddam A, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Chloptios J, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Tehard B, Clavel-Chapelon F, Gonzalez CA, Larranaga N, Barricarte A, Quiros JR, Chirlaque MD, Martinez C, Monninkhof E, Grobbee DE, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Riboli E, Kaaks R (2006) Anthropometric measures, endogenous sex steroids and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: a study within the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 118: 2832\u20132839","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1029","volume":"7","author":"J Russo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Russo J, Moral R, Balogh GA, Mailo D, Russo IH (2005) The protective role of pregnancy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 7: 131\u2013142","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70326-2","volume":"10","author":"B Secretan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, Cogliano V (2009) A review of human carcinogens--Part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish. Lancet Oncol 10: 1033\u20131034","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2191","volume":"7","author":"HK Seitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seitz HK, Stickel F (2007) Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 7: 599\u2013612","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000125356.70824.81","volume":"28","author":"A Sierksma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sierksma A, Sarkola T, Eriksson CJ, van der Gaag MS, Grobbee DE, Hendriks HF (2004) Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, and estradiol levels in middle-aged men and postmenopausal women: a diet-controlled intervention study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 780\u2013785","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(82)90038-3","volume":"16","author":"R Sodergard","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sodergard R, Backstrom T, Shanbhag V, Carstensen H (1982) Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature. J Steroid Biochem 16: 801\u2013810","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1056","volume":"93","author":"MR Sowers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sowers MR, Zheng H, McConnell D, Nan B, Harlow SD, Randolph Jr JF (2008) Estradiol rates of change in relation to the final menstrual period in a population-based cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 3847\u20133852","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2365","volume":"92","author":"JB Spencer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spencer JB, Klein M, Kumar A, Azziz R (2007) The age-associated decline of androgens in reproductive age and menopausal Black and White women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 4730\u20134733","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2003.08.012","volume":"68","author":"FZ Stanczyk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stanczyk FZ, Cho MM, Endres DB, Morrison JL, Patel S, Paulson RJ (2003) Limitations of direct estradiol and testosterone immunoassay kits. Steroids 68: 1173\u20131178","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.398","volume":"76","author":"HV Thomas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thomas HV, Key TJ, Allen DS, Moore JW, Dowsett M, Fentiman IS, Wang DY (1997) A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br J Cancer 76: 401\u2013405","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.3.190","volume":"87","author":"PG Toniolo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Toniolo PG, Levitz M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Banerjee S, Koenig KL, Shore RE, Strax P, Pasternack BS (1995) A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 190\u2013197","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929714862","volume":"12","author":"PK Verkasalo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Verkasalo PK, Thomas HV, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ (2001) Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom). Cancer Causes Control 12: 47\u201359","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-42-2-247","volume":"42","author":"A Vermeulen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Vermeulen A (1976) The hormonal activity of the postmenopausal ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42: 247\u2013253","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114596","volume":"125","author":"DK Wysowski","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wysowski DK, Comstock GW, Helsing KJ, Lau HL (1987) Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 125: 791\u2013799","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009059","volume":"145","author":"A Zeleniuch-Jacquotte","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bruning PF, Bonfrer JM, Koenig KL, Shore RE, Kim MY, Pasternack BS, Toniolo P (1997) Relation of serum levels of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 145: 1030\u20131038","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFbjc2011254_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601517","volume":"90","author":"A Zeleniuch-Jacquotte","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Shore RE, Koenig KL, Akhmedkhanov A, Afanasyeva Y, Kato I, Kim MY, Rinaldi S, Kaaks R, Toniolo P (2004) Postmenopausal levels of oestrogen, androgen, and SHBG and breast cancer: long-term results of a prospective study. Br J Cancer 90: 153\u2013159","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/bjc2011254.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/bjc2011254","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/bjc2011254.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:53:02Z","timestamp":1741308782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/bjc2011254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BFbjc2011254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.2011.254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0920","1532-1827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0920","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-1827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]]}}}