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Risk factors in this group other than high-risk human papillomavirus infection are unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 1.3 million women were recruited in 1996\u20132001 and followed for incident anal cancer. Cox regression models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) for anal cancer by various potential risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five hundred and seventeen incident anal cancers were registered over 13 years of follow-up. The largest RR was associated with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3; RR=4.03, 95% CI 2.59\u20136.28). Other factors associated with significantly increased risks in multivariate analyses were: ever smoking (RR=1.49, 1.24\u20131.80); previous use of oral contraceptives (RR=1.51, 1.24\u20131.83); nulliparity (RR=1.61, 1.24\u20132.07); tubal ligation (RR=1.39, 1.13\u20131.70) and not living with a partner (RR=1.82, 1.40\u20132.38). The association with smoking was significantly greater for squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma of the anus (RR 1.66\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.89,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      for heterogeneity=0.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>History of CIN 3, smoking, past oral contraceptive use, nulliparity, tubal ligation and not living with a partner are risk factors for anal cancer in women. 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