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They produce conditioned place preference, a behavioural model of incentive motivation, which highlights the role of environmental cues in drug addiction. They increase brain reward function as seen by a lowering of intracranial self\u2010stimulation thresholds. And last but not least, they are self\u2010administered, and sometimes even abused, and can trigger reinstatement of drug\u2010seeking behaviour in animals extinguished from drug self\u2010administration. It has long been considered that the reinforcing properties of virtually all drugs of abuse, more specifically psychostimulants, are primarily dependent on activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. However, recent evidence raises the importance of dopamine\u2010independent mechanisms in reward\u2010related behaviours. The overwhelming body of evidence that indicates a critical role for the mesolimbic dopamine system in the reinforcing effect of psychostimulants should not mask the key contribution of other modulatory systems in the brain. This review summarizes the complex and subtle role of several neuropeptidergic systems in various aspects of addictive behaviours observed in laboratory animals exposed to psychostimulants. A special emphasis is given to the cannabinoid, opioid, nociceptin\/orphanin FQ, corticotropin\u2010releasing factor and hypocretin\/orexin systems. 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