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Hypoxia inhibits outward potassium current in carotid body type 1 cells, leading to depolarization and calcium entry through L\u2010type calcium channels. Increased intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) leads to exocytosis of neurotransmitters, thus stimulating the carotid sinus nerve and respiration. The same K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channel inhibition occurs with hypoxia in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), causing contraction and providing part of the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). In the SMCs of the DA, the mechanism works in reverse. It is the shift from hypoxia to normoxia that inhibits K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels and causes normoxic ductal contraction. In both PA and DA, the contraction is augmented by release of Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, entry of Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>through store\u2010operated channels (SOC) and by Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>sensitization. The same three \u2018executive\u2019 mechanisms are partly responsible for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). While vasoconstrictor mediators constrict both PA and DA and vasodilators dilate both vessels, only redox changes mimic oxygen by having directly opposite effects on the K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels, membrane potential, [Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>and tone in the PA and DA. There are several different hypotheses as to how redox might alter tone, which remain to be resolved. However, understanding the mechanism will facilitate drug development for pulmonary hypertension and patent DA.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic>(2008)<jats:bold>155<\/jats:bold>, 300\u2013307; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/bjp.2008.291\">10.1038\/bjp.2008.291<\/jats:ext-link>; published online 21 July 2008<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,21]],"date-time":"2008-07-21T10:06:17Z","timestamp":1216634777000},"page":"300-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mechanisms of oxygen sensing: a key to therapy of pulmonary hypertension and patent ductus arteriosus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"E 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