{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:26:08Z","timestamp":1783452368350,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Death Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T13:01:25Z","timestamp":1447419685000},"page":"10-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Programmed cell death 50 (and beyond)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"R A","family":"Lockshin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/378230c0","volume":"378","author":"PG Clarke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clarke PG, Clarke S . Historic apoptosis. Nature 1995; 378: 230.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00214700","volume":"193","author":"PG Clarke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Clarke PG, Clarke S . Nineteenth century research on naturally occurring cell death and related phenomena. Anatomy and embryology 1996; 193: 81\u201399.","journal-title":"Anatomy and embryology"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR3","first-page":"139","volume":"34","author":"PG Clarke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clarke PG, Clarke S . Nineteenth century research on cell death. Exp Oncol 2012; 34: 139\u2013145.","journal-title":"Exp Oncol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/35080097","volume":"2","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z . Programmed cell death and apoptosis: origins of the theory. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 545\u2013550.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR5","first-page":"146","volume":"34","author":"N Maghsoudi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maghsoudi N, Zakeri Z, Lockshin RA . Programmed cell death and apoptosis\u2014where it came from and where it is going: from Elie Metchnikoff to the control of caspases. Exp Oncol 2012; 34: 146\u2013152.","journal-title":"Exp Oncol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400990","volume":"9","author":"DL Vaux","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vaux DL . Apoptosis timeline. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9: 349\u2013354.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"101","author":"MA Lizarbe Iracheta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lizarbe Iracheta MA . El suicidio y la muerte cellular. Rev R Acad Cienc Exact Fis Nat (Esp) 2007; 101: 1\u201333.","journal-title":"Rev R Acad Cienc Exact Fis Nat (Esp)"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3925.1624","volume":"167","author":"JW Truman","year":"1970","unstructured":"Truman JW, Riddiford LM . Neuroendocrine control of ecdysis in silkmoths. Science 1970; 167: 1624\u20131626.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1126\/science.188130","volume":"194","author":"JW Truman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Truman JW, Fallon AM, Wyatt GR . Hormonal release of programmed behavior in silk moths: probable mediation by cyclic AMP. Science 1976; 194: 1432\u20131434.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222427","volume":"191","author":"RF Stocker","year":"1978","unstructured":"Stocker RF, Edwards JS, Truman JW . Fine structure of degenerating abdominal motor neurons after eclosion in the sphingid moth, Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 1978; 191: 317\u2013331.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(64)90034-4","volume":"10","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1964","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Williams CM . Programmed cell death\u2014II. Endocrine potentiation of the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths. J Insect Physiol 1964; 10: 643\u2013649.","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(65)90186-1","volume":"11","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Williams CM . Programmed cell death. V. Cytolytic enzymes in relation to the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths. J Insect Physiol 1965; 11: 831\u2013844.","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(65)90159-9","volume":"11","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Williams CM . Programmed cell death. IV. The influence of drugs on the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths. J Insect Physiol 1965; 11: 803\u2013809.","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(65)90099-5","volume":"11","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Williams CM . Programmed cell death\u2014I Cytology of degeneration in the intersegmental muscles of the pernyi silkmoth. J Insect Physiol 1965; 11: 123\u2013133.","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR15","first-page":"601","volume":"11","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Williams CM . Programmed cell death\u2014III. Neural control of the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths. J Insect Physiol 1965; 11: 601\u2013610.","journal-title":"Neural control of the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths. J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(75)90311-5","volume":"42","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lockshin RA . Degeneration of the intersegmental muscles: alterations in hemolymph during muscle degeneration. Dev Biol 1975; 42: 28\u201339.","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(76)90335-9","volume":"100","author":"KB Smith","year":"1976","unstructured":"Smith KB, Tata JR . Cell death. Are new proteins synthesized during hormone-induced tadpole tail regression? Exp Cell Res 1976; 100: 129\u2013146.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(90)90180-Q","volume":"138","author":"RW Oppenheim","year":"1990","unstructured":"Oppenheim RW, Prevette D, Tytell M, Homma S . Naturally occurring and induced neuronal death in the chick embryo in vivo requires protein and RNA synthesis: evidence for the role of cell death genes. Dev Biol 1990; 138: 104\u2013113.","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401110308","volume":"111","author":"V Hamburger","year":"1949","unstructured":"Hamburger V, Levi-Montalcini R . Proliferation, differentiation and degeneration in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo under normal and experimental conditions. J Exp Zool 1949; 111: 457\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401160206","volume":"116","author":"R Levi-Montalcini","year":"1951","unstructured":"Levi-Montalcini R, Hamburger V . Selective growth stimulating effects of mouse sarcoma on the sensory and sympathetic nervous system of the chick embryo. J Exp Zool 1951; 116: 321\u2013361.","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.40.10.1014","volume":"40","author":"S Cohen","year":"1954","unstructured":"Cohen S, Levi-Montalcini R, Hamburger V . A nerve growth-stimulating factor isolated from Sarcomas 37 and 180. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1954; 40: 1014\u20131018.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.42.9.571","volume":"42","author":"S Cohen","year":"1956","unstructured":"Cohen S, Levi-Montalcini R . A nerve growth-stimulating factor isolated from snake venom. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1956; 42: 571\u2013574.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400680305","volume":"68","author":"V Hamburger","year":"1934","unstructured":"Hamburger V . The effects of wing bud extirpation in chick embryos on the development of the central nervous system. J Exp Zool 1934; 68: 449\u2013494.","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1934.0076","volume":"116","author":"HB Fell","year":"1934","unstructured":"Fell HB, Candi RG . Experiments on the development in vitro of the avian knee-joint. Proc R Soc Lond B 1934; 116: 316\u2013351.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60337-4","volume":"22","author":"HB Fell","year":"1964","unstructured":"Fell HB . The role of organ cultures in the study of vitamins and hormones. Vitam Horm 1964; 22: 81\u2013127.","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(68)90026-2","volume":"18","author":"JF Fallon","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fallon JF, Saunders JW Jr . In vitro analysis of the control of cell death in a zone of prospective necrosis from the chick wing bud. Dev Biol 1968; 18: 553\u2013570.","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1126\/science.154.3749.604","volume":"154","author":"JW Saunders Jr","year":"1966","unstructured":"Saunders JW Jr . Death in embryonic systems. Science 1966; 154: 604\u2013612.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1951.tb00774.x","volume":"26","author":"A Glucksmann","year":"1951","unstructured":"Glucksmann A . Cell deaths in normal vertebrate ontogeny. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1951; 26: 59\u201386.","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00227-2","volume":"13","author":"RC Budd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Budd RC . Activation-induced cell death. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13: 356\u2013362.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215077","volume":"109","author":"RC Budd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Budd RC . Death receptors couple to both cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 437\u2013441.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/356397a0","volume":"356","author":"MC Raff","year":"1992","unstructured":"Raff MC . Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 1992; 356: 397\u2013400.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR32","first-page":"205","volume-title":"20 Years of Cell Death","author":"D De Zio","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Zio D, Cecconi F . Apoptosis and Autophagy face to face: Apaf1 and Ambra1 as a paradigm. In: Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (eds). 20 Years of Cell Death. International Cell Death Society: New York, USA, 2015, pp 205\u2013221."},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR33","first-page":"88","volume-title":"20 Years of Cell Death","author":"JM Hardwick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardwick JM . Seeking day jobs for all apoptosis-related factors\u2014inside one perspective. In: Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (eds). 20 Years of Cell Death. International Cell Death Society: New York, 2015, pp 88\u2013109."},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR34","first-page":"274","volume-title":"20 Years of Cell Death","author":"J Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan J . . Discovery of key mechanisms of cell death: from apoptosis to necroptosis. In: Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (eds). 20 Years of Cell Death. International Cell Death Society: New York, 2015, pp 274\u2013290."},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2015.04.003","volume":"333","author":"T Aki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aki T, Funakoshi T, Uemura K . Regulated necrosis and its implications in toxicology. Toxicology 2015; 333: 118\u2013126.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3737","volume":"15","author":"T Vanden Berghe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Walczak H, Vandenabeele P . Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15: 135\u2013147.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0590438","volume":"59","author":"F Appelmans","year":"1955","unstructured":"Appelmans F, Wattiaux R, De Duve C . Tissue fractionation studies. 5. The association of acid phosphatase with a special class of cytoplasmic granules in rat liver. Biochem J 1955; 59: 438\u2013445.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0630606","volume":"63","author":"C De Duve","year":"1956","unstructured":"De Duve C, Wattiaux R . Tissue fractionation studies. VII. Release of bound hydrolases by means of triton X-100. Biochem J 1956; 63: 606\u2013608.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00457-2","volume":"181-182","author":"JF Kerr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kerr JF . History of the events leading to the formulation of the apoptosis concept. Toxicology 2002; 181-182: 471\u2013474.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01002717","volume":"13","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lockshin RA, Beaulaton J . Cell death: questions for histochemists concerning the causes of the various cytological changes. Histochem J 1981; 13: 659\u2013666.","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707809200","volume":"283","author":"CD Bortner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bortner CD, Sifre MI, Cidlowski JA . Cationic gradient reversal and cytoskeleton-independent volume regulatory pathways define an early stage of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 7219\u20137229.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-23752-6_18","volume":"559","author":"G Heimlich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heimlich G, Bortner CD, Cidlowski JA . Apoptosis and cell volume regulation: the importance of ions and ion channels. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 559: 189\u2013203.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400260","volume":"4","author":"RA Lockshin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lockshin RA . The early modern period in cell death. Cell Death Differ 1997; 4: 347\u2013351.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1972.33","volume":"26","author":"JF Kerr","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR . Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239\u2013257.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01002719","volume":"13","author":"AH Wyllie","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wyllie AH, Beattie GJ, Hargreaves AD . Chromatin changes in apoptosis. Histochem J 1981; 13: 681\u2013692.","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIRE.0000019187.19019.e6","volume":"23","author":"HR Horvitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Horvitz HR . Nobel lecture. Worms, life and death. Biosci Rep 2003; 23: 239\u2013303.","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1999.0780","volume":"14","author":"L Xue","year":"1999","unstructured":"Xue L, Fletcher GC, Tolkovsky AM . Autophagy is activated by apoptotic signalling in sympathetic neurons: an alternative mechanism of death execution. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999; 14: 180\u2013198.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00100-2","volume":"11","author":"L Xue","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xue L, Fletcher GC, Tolkovsky AM . Mitochondria are selectively eliminated from eukaryotic cells after blockade of caspases during apoptosis. Curr Biol 2001; 11: 361\u2013365.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01371-8","volume":"84","author":"AM Tolkovsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tolkovsky AM, Xue L, Fletcher GC, Borutaite V . Mitochondrial disappearance from cells: a clue to the role of autophagy in programmed cell death and disease? Biochimie 2002; 84: 233\u2013240.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/26506","volume":"395","author":"N Mizushima","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mizushima N, Noda T, Yoshimori T, Tanaka Y, Ishii T, George MD et al. A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy. Nature 1998; 395: 395\u2013398.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.7.9.1375","volume":"7","author":"YX Wang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wang YX, Zhao H, Harding TM, Gomes de Mesquita DS, Woldringh CL, Klionsky DJ et al. Multiple classes of yeast mutants are defective in vacuole partitioning yet target vacuole proteins correctly. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7: 1375\u20131389.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(04)00099-1","volume":"6","author":"B Levine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levine B, Klionsky DJ . Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy. Dev Cell 2004; 6: 463\u2013477.","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/45257","volume":"402","author":"XH Liang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M, Brown K, Kempkes B, Hibshoosh H et al. Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature 1999; 402: 672\u2013676.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR54","first-page":"3443","volume":"61","author":"XH Liang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liang XH, Yu J, Brown K, Levine B . Beclin 1 contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal that is required for its autophagy and tumor suppressor function. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3443\u20133449.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BFcdd2015126_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401777","volume":"12","author":"Y Tsujimoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsujimoto Y, Shimizu S . Another way to die: autophagic programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12 (Suppl 2): 1528\u20131534.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.2703","volume":"2","author":"JJ Shacka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shacka JJ, Klocke BJ, Roth KA . Autophagy, bafilomycin and cell death: the \u2018a-B-cs\u2019 of plecomacrolide-induced neuroprotection. Autophagy 2006; 2: 228\u2013230.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.23.33","volume":"23","author":"A Yamamoto","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yamamoto A, Tagawa Y, Yoshimori T, Moriyama Y, Masaki R, Tashiro Y . Bafilomycin A1 prevents maturation of autophagic vacuoles by inhibiting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes in rat hepatoma cell line, H-4-II-E cells. Cell Struct Funct 1998; 23: 33\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell Struct Funct"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR58","first-page":"111","volume-title":"20 Years of Cell Death","author":"Z Zakeri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zakeri Z, Lockshin RA . Modern history of the study of cell death: 1964...1994...2014. In: Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (eds). 20 Years of Cell Death. International Cell Death Society: New York, 2015, pp 111\u2013125."},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22147","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.192500","volume":"286","author":"JE McLean","year":"2011","unstructured":"McLean JE, Wudzinska A, Datan E, Quaglino D, Zakeri Z . Flavivirus NS4A-induced autophagy protects cells against death and enhances virus replication. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 22147\u201322159.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.01.008","volume":"452-453","author":"E Datan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Datan E, Shirazian A, Benjamin S, Matassov D, Tinari A, Malorni W et al. mTOR\/p70S6K signaling distinguishes routine, maintenance-level autophagy from autophagic cell death during influenza A infection. Virology 2014; 452-453: 175\u2013190.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8233","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02672-08","volume":"83","author":"JE McLean","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLean JE, Datan E, Matassov D, Zakeri ZF . Lack of Bax prevents influenza A virus-induced apoptosis and causes diminished viral replication. J Virol 2009; 83: 8233\u20138246.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v5.i2.93","volume":"5","author":"S Ghosh Roy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghosh Roy S, Sadigh B, Datan E, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z . Regulation of cell survival and death during Flavivirus infections. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5: 93\u2013105.","journal-title":"World J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.8.1.16618","volume":"8","author":"S Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen S, Kepp O, Kroemer G . The end of autophagic cell death? Autophagy 2012; 8: 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.006","volume":"159","author":"L Galluzzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F, Levine B, Kroemer G . Metabolic control of autophagy. Cell 2014; 159: 1263\u20131276.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR65","first-page":"187","volume":"6","author":"L Bezu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bezu L, Gomes-de-Silva LC, Dewitte H, Breckpot K, Fucikova J, Spisek R et al. Combinatorial strategies for the induction of immunogenic cell death. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 187.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201490784","volume":"34","author":"L Galluzzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Amaravadi RK, Baehrecke EH, Cecconi F et al. Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression. EMBO J 2015; 34: 856\u2013880.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78652","volume":"125","author":"G Kroemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kroemer G . Autophagy: a druggable process that is deregulated in aging and human disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125: 1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR68","first-page":"186","volume-title":"20 Years of Cell Death","author":"DR Green","year":"2015","unstructured":"Green DR, Llambi . . Fienberg. How do cells stay alive? In: Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (eds). 20 Years of Cell Death. International Cell Death Society: New York, 2015, pp 186\u2013205."},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR69","first-page":"256","volume-title":"20 Years of Cell Death","author":"B Loos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loos B . Autophagic flux and cell death. In: Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (eds). 20 Years of Cell Death. International Cell Death Society: New York, 2015, pp 256\u2013273."},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.25560","volume":"9","author":"B Loos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loos B, Engelbrecht AM, Lockshin RA, Klionsky DJ, Zakeri Z . The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility: Unanswered questions. Autophagy 2013; 9: 1270\u20131285.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.02.010","volume":"19","author":"T Eisenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eisenberg T, Schroeder S, Andryushkova A, Pendl T, Kuttner V, Bhukel A et al. Nucleocytosolic depletion of the energy metabolite acetyl-coenzyme a stimulates autophagy and prolongs lifespan. Cell Metab 2014; 19: 431\u2013444.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250256","volume":"345","author":"DR Green","year":"2014","unstructured":"Green DR, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G . Cell biology. Metabolic control of cell death. Science 2014; 345: 1250256.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Pt 22","key":"BFcdd2015126_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115865","volume":"125","author":"AD Rubinstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rubinstein AD, Kimchi A . Life in the balance - a mechanistic view of the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Journal of cell science 2012; 125 (Pt 22): 5259\u20135268.","journal-title":"Journal of cell science"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-013-0918-3","volume":"19","author":"V Levin-Salomon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levin-Salomon V, Bialik S, Kimchi A . DAP-kinase and autophagy. Apoptosis 2014; 19: 346\u2013356.","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00872.x","volume":"6","author":"EM Johnson Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johnson EM Jr, Deckwerth TL, Deshmukh M . Neuronal death in developmental models: possible implications in neuropathology. Brain Pathol 1996; 6: 397\u2013409.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.1.131","volume":"150","author":"M Deshmukh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deshmukh M, Kuida K, Johnson EM Jr . Caspase inhibition extends the commitment to neuronal death beyond cytochrome c release to the point of mitochondrial depolarization. J Cell Biol 2000; 150: 131\u2013143.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7241","volume":"161","author":"JL Werth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Werth JL, Deshmukh M, Cocabo J, Johnson EM Jr, Rothman SM . Reversible physiological alterations in sympathetic neurons deprived of NGF but protected from apoptosis by caspase inhibition or Bax deletion. Exp Neurol 2000; 161: 203\u2013211.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01372-X","volume":"84","author":"LK Chang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chang LK, Putcha GV, Deshmukh M, Johnson EM Jr . Mitochondrial involvement in the point of no return in neuronal apoptosis. Biochimie 2002; 84: 223\u2013231.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e689","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.220","volume":"4","author":"AJ Kole","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kole AJ, Annis RP, Deshmukh M . Mature neurons: equipped for survival. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4: e689.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2545","volume":"9","author":"DR Green","year":"2009","unstructured":"Green DR, Ferguson T, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G . Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9: 353\u2013363.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFcdd2015126_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2216","volume":"8","author":"L Zitvogel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Kroemer G . Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 59\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["Cell Death &amp; Differentiation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cdd2015126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cdd2015126","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cdd2015126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T11:44:09Z","timestamp":1748691849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cdd2015126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFcdd2015126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cdd.2015.126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-9047","1476-5403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-9047","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2015","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2015","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2015","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}