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Previous studies demonstrate that expression of keratan sulfate (KS), the sugar chain of proteoglycan, is associated with activated microglia\/macrophages accumulated after neuronal injuries. Unexpectedly, we found here that KS is rather diminished in rat EAN. KS was restrictively expressed in microglia in the spinal cord of normal rats. KS was positive in 50% microglia in the ventral horn and 20% in the dorsal horn. In EAN, microglia increased in number and expressed the activation marker CD68, but KS expression was abolished. Concomitantly, pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interferon (IFN)-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, interleukin (IL)-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, were increased in the spinal cord of EAN rats, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, were decreased. In addition, silencing of KSGal6ST attenuated KS expression on the primary cultured microglia and upregulated expression of some activation markers (TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and iNOS) under the stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>. This study demonstrates for the first time a close association of EAN and disappearance of KS on microglia. KS expression could be a useful marker to evaluate the status of polyneuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]],"date-time":"2013-12-05T17:19:43Z","timestamp":1386263983000},"page":"e946-e946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Keratan sulfate expression in microglia is diminished in the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune neuritis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Matsui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Ohgomori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Natori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Kusunoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Imagama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Kadomatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFcddis2013479_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901088","volume":"183","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhang ZY, Schluesener HJ . 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