{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:17:51Z","timestamp":1787163471081,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Death Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cell-based therapies are increasingly recognized as a potential strategy to treat retinal neurodegenerative disease. Their administration, however, is normally indirect and complex, often with an inability to assess in real time their effects on cell death and their migration\/integration into the host retina. In the present study, using a partial optic nerve transection (pONT) rat model, we describe a new method of Schwann cell (SC) delivery (direct application to injured optic nerve sheath, SC\/DONS), which was compared with intravitreal SC delivery (SC\/IVT). Both SC\/DONS and SC\/IVT were able to be assessed\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    using imaging to visualize retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and SC retinal integration. RGC death in the pONT model was best fitted to the one-phase exponential decay model. Although both SC\/DONS and SC\/IVT altered the temporal course of RGC degeneration in pONT, SC\/DONS resulted in delayed but long-lasting effects on RGC protection, compared with SC\/IVT treatment. In addition, their effects on primary and secondary degeneration, and axonal regeneration, were also investigated, by histology, whole retinal counting, and modelling of RGC loss. SC\/DONS was found to significantly reduce RGC apoptosis\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and significantly increase RGC survival by targeting secondary rather than primary degeneration. Both SC\/DONS and SC\/IVT were found to promote RGC axonal regrowth after optic nerve injury, with evidence of GAP-43 expression in RGC somas and axons. SC\/DONS may have the potential in the treatment of optic neuropathies, such as glaucoma. We show that SC transplantation can be monitored in real time and that the protective effects of SCs are associated with targeting secondary degeneration, with implications for translating cell-based therapies to the clinic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T09:00:53Z","timestamp":1413450053000},"page":"e1460-e1460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Direct optic nerve sheath (DONS) application of Schwann cells prolongs retinal ganglion cell survival in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Nizari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E M","family":"Normando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Galvao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Parrinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M F","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1848","volume":"71","author":"CA Oyinbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oyinbo CA . Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury: a nugget of this multiply cascade. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2011; 71: 281\u2013299.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59544-7.00012-3","volume":"201","author":"LA Wyatt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wyatt LA, Keirstead HS . Stem cell-based treatments for spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res 2012; 201: 233\u2013252.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","volume":"90","author":"HA Quigley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quigley HA, Broman AT . The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 262\u2013267.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0646","volume":"44","author":"H Levkovitch-Verbin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levkovitch-Verbin H, Quigley HA, Martin KR, Zack DJ, Pease ME, Valenta DF . A model to study differences between primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rats by partial optic nerve transection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 3388\u20133393.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050230","volume":"7","author":"G Rizzo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rizzo G, Tozer KR, Tonon C, Manners D, Testa C, Malucelli E et al. Secondary post-geniculate involvement in Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy. PLoS One 2012; 7: e50230.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01403-4","volume":"133","author":"JE Oliver","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oliver JE, Hattenhauer MG, Herman D, Hodge DO, Kennedy R, Fang-Yen M et al. Blindness and glaucoma: a comparison of patients progressing to blindness from glaucoma with patients maintaining vision. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 133: 764\u2013772.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3717","volume":"50","author":"M Fitzgerald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M, Payne SC, Bartlett CA, Evill L, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA . Secondary retinal ganglion cell death and the neuroprotective effects of the calcium channel blocker lomerizine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 5456\u20135462.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22784","volume":"90","author":"J Wells","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wells J, Kilburn MR, Shaw JA, Bartlett CA, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA et al. Early in vivo changes in calcium ions, oxidative stress markers, and ion channel immunoreactivity following partial injury to the optic nerve. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90: 606\u2013618.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1112","volume":"452","author":"M Fitzgerald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M, Bartlett CA, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA . Early events of secondary degeneration after partial optic. J Neurotrauma 2010; 452: 439\u2013452.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.06.007","volume":"261C","author":"RL O\u2019Hare Doig","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare Doig RL, Bartlett CA, Maghzal GJ, Lam M, Archer M, Stocker R et al. Reactive species and oxidative stress in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Exp Neurol 2014; 261C: 136\u2013146.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-98","volume":"14","author":"N Cummins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cummins N, Bartlett CA, Archer M, Bartlett E, Hemmi JM, Harvey AR et al. Changes to mitochondrial ultrastructure in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo are limited by irradiation at 670 nm. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14: 98.","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.11.026","volume":"216","author":"M Fitzgerald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M, Bartlett CA, Evill L, Rodger J, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA . Secondary degeneration of the optic nerve following partial transection: the benefits of lomerizine. Exp Neurol 2009; 216: 219\u2013230.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.11.014","volume":"91","author":"H Levkovitch-Verbin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levkovitch-Verbin H, Dardik R, Vander S, Melamed S . Mechanism of retinal ganglion cells death in secondary degeneration of the optic nerve. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91: 127\u2013134.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1608-2","volume":"249","author":"H Levkovitch-Verbin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levkovitch-Verbin H, Spierer O, Vander S, Dardik R . Similarities and differences between primary and secondary degeneration of the optic nerve and the effect of minocycline. Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249: 849\u2013857.","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.12.66","volume":"7","author":"GF Butt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Butt GF, Habib A, Mahgoub K, Sofela A, Tilley M, Guo L et al. Optic nerve regeneration. Expert Rev Ophthalmol 2012; 7: 533\u2013554.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00205","volume":"3","author":"MA Lopez-Verrilli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopez-Verrilli MA, Court FA . Transfer of vesicles from Schwann cells to axons: a novel mechanism of communication in the peripheral nervous system. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 205.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2008.00168.x","volume":"13","author":"R Mirsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mirsky R, Woodhoo A, Parkinson DB, Arthur-farraj P . Novel signals controlling embryonic Schwann cell development, myelination and dedifferentiation. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008; 13: 122\u2013135.","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.05.007","volume":"38","author":"K Bhatheja","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhatheja K, Field J . Schwann cells: origins and role in axonal maintenance and regeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38: 1995\u20131999.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4257(01)00076-6","volume":"96","author":"R Mirsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Brennan A, Parkinson D, Dong Z, Meier C et al. Schwann cells as regulators of nerve development. J Physiol Paris 2002; 96: 17\u201324.","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-7722.2002.00012.x","volume":"77","author":"M Dezawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dezawa M . Central and peripheral nerve regeneration by transplantation of Schwann cells and transdifferentiated bone marrow stromal cells. Anat Sci Int 2002; 77: 12\u201325.","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.08.039","volume":"143","author":"S Parrinello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parrinello S, Napoli I, Ribeiro S, Digby PW, Fedorova M, Parkinson DB et al. EphB signaling directs peripheral nerve regeneration through Sox2-dependent Schwann cell sorting. Cell 2010; 143: 145\u2013155.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02894.1987","volume":"7","author":"M Vidal-Sanz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vidal-Sanz M, Bray GM, Villegas-Perez MP, Thanos S, Aguayo AJ . Axonal regeneration and synapse formation in the superior colliculus by retinal ganglion cells in the adult rat. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 2894\u20132909.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00534-2","volume":"55","author":"H Negishi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Negishi H, Dezawa M, Oshitari T, Adachi-Usami E . Optic nerve regeneration within artificial Schwann cell graft in the adult rat. Brain Res Bull 2001; 55: 409\u2013419.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150360517155","volume":"20","author":"Q Cui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cui Q, Pollett MA, Symons NA, Plant GW, Harvey AR . A new approach to CNS repair using chimeric peripheral nerve grafts. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20: 17\u201331.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR25","first-page":"906","volume":"11","author":"Y Hu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hu Y, Leaver SG, Plant GW, Hendriks WTJ, Niclou SP, Verhaagen J et al. Lentiviral-mediated transfer of CNTF to Schwann cells within reconstructed peripheral nerve grafts enhances adult retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration. Gene Therapy 2005; 11: 906\u2013915.","journal-title":"Gene Therapy"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/term.264","volume":"4","author":"Y Fang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fang Y, Mo X, Guo W, Zhang M, Zhang P, Wang Y et al. A new type of Schwann cell graft transplantation to promote optic nerve regeneration in adult rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4: 581\u2013589.","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR27","first-page":"1855","volume":"87","author":"L Maffei","year":"1990","unstructured":"Maffei L . Schwann cells promote the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve section. Neurobiology 1990; 87: 1855\u20131859.","journal-title":"Neurobiology"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.09.038","volume":"1029","author":"S Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li S, Hu B, Tay D, So K, Yip HK . Intravitreal transplants of Schwann cells and fibroblasts promote the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in rats. Brain Res 2004; 1029: 56\u201364.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13352","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405479101","volume":"101","author":"MF Cordeiro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cordeiro MF, Guo L, Luong V, Harding G, Wang W, Jones HE et al. Real-time imaging of single nerve cell apoptosis in retinal neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 13352\u201313356.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR30","first-page":"587","volume":"43","author":"J Danias","year":"2002","unstructured":"Danias J, Shen F, Goldblum D, Chen B, Ramos-Esteban J, Podos SM et al. Cytoarchitecture of the retinal ganglion cells in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 587\u2013594.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.09.029","volume":"49","author":"M Salinas-Navarro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salinas-Navarro M, Mayor-Torroglosa S, Jimenez-Lopez M, Aviles-Trigueros M, Holmes TM, Lund RD et al. A computerized analysis of the entire retinal ganglion cell population and its spatial distribution in adult rats. Vision Res 2009; 49: 115\u2013126.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4509","volume":"51","author":"TV Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson TV, Bull ND, Hunt DP, Marina N, Tomarev SI, Martin KR . Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 2051\u20132059.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"MM Magharious","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magharious MM, D\u2019Onofrio PM, Koeberle PD . Optic nerve transection: a model of adult neuron apoptosis in the central nervous system. J Vis Exp 2011; 12: 1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12419","volume":"54","author":"JK Ho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ho JK, Stanford MP, Shariati MA, Dalal R, Liao YJ . Optical coherence tomography study of experimental anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and histologic confirmation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 5981\u20135988.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835c5f0b","volume":"26","author":"V Carelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carelli V, La Morgia C, Sadun AA . Mitochondrial dysfunction in optic neuropathies: animal models and therapeutic options. Curr Opin Neurol 2013; 26: 52\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR36","first-page":"314","volume":"207","author":"Y Hu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hu Y, Arulpragasam A, Plant GW, Hendriks WTJ, Cui Q, Harvey AR . The importance of transgene and cell type on the regeneration of adult retinal ganglion cell axons within reconstituted bridging grafts. Ethics 2007; 207: 314\u2013328.","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0406","volume":"15","author":"DD Dewell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dewell DD, Kaszuba SN, Thompson DM, Stegemann JP . Collagen I-matrigel scaffolds for enhanced schwann cell survival and control of three-dimensional cell morphology. Tissue Eng 2009; 15: 2785\u20132795.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR38","first-page":"312","volume":"316","author":"Y Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li Y, Li D, Raisman G . Transplanted Schwann cells, not olfactory ensheathing cells, myelinate optic nerve fibres. Neurol Res 2007; 316: 312\u2013316.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(92)90397-Q","volume":"202","author":"S Vukicevic","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vukicevic S, Kleinman HK, Luyten FP, Roberts AB, Roche NS, Reddi AH . Identification of multiple active growth factors in basement membrane matrigel suggests caution in interpretation of cellular activity related to extracellular matrix components. Exp Cell Res 1992; 202: 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44360","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044360","volume":"7","author":"X Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang X, Li Y, He Y, Liang H-S, Liu E-Z . A novel animal model of partial optic nerve transection established using an optic nerve quantitative amputator. PLoS One 2012; 7: e44360.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503770195885","volume":"20","author":"DM Geddes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geddes DM, Cargill RS 2nd, LaPlaca MC . Mechanical stretch to neurons results in a strain rate and magnitude-dependent increase in plasma membrane permeability. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20: 1039\u20131049.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0832","volume":"46","author":"L Guo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guo L, Moss SE, Alexander RA, Ali RR, Fitzke FW, Cordeiro MF . Retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma is related to intraocular pressure and IOP-induced effects on extracellular matrix. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 175\u2013182.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7869","volume":"52","author":"JMK Kwong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwong JMK, Quan A, Kyung H, Piri N, Caprioli J . Quantitative analysis of retinal ganglion cell survival with Rbpms immunolabeling in animal models of optic neuropathies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 9694\u20139702.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068881","volume":"8","author":"H Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li H, Liang Y, Chiu K, Yuan Q, Lin B, Chang RC-C et al. Lycium Barbarum (Wolfberry) reduces secondary degeneration and oxidative stress, and inhibits JNK pathway in retina after partial optic nerve transection. PLoS One 2013; 8: e68881.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR45","first-page":"1111","volume":"42","author":"EE Freeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freeman EE, Grosskreutz CL . The effects of FK605 on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 42: 1111\u20131115.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR46","first-page":"3943","volume":"41","author":"D Fischer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fischer D, Pavlidis M, Thanos S . Cataractogenic lens injury prevents traumatic ganglion cell death and promotes axonal regeneration both in vivo and in culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 3943\u20133954.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/35018098","volume":"406","author":"G Clarke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clarke G, Collins RA, Leavitt BR, Andrews DF, Hayden MR, Lumsden CJ et al. A one-hit model of cell death in inherited neuronal degenerations. Nature 2000; 406: 195\u2013199.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.10.028","volume":"233","author":"G Clarke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clarke G, Lumsden CJ . Scale-free neurodegeneration: cellular heterogeneity and the stretched exponential kinetics of cell death. J Theor Biol 2005; 233: 515\u2013525.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1447","volume":"49","author":"CK Leung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leung CK, Lindsey JD, Crowston JG, Lijia C, Chiang S, Weinreb RN . Longitudinal profile of retinal ganglion cell damage after optic nerve crush with blue-light confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 4898\u20134902.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040352","volume":"7","author":"BC Chauhan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chauhan BC, Stevens KT, Levesque JM, Nuschke AC, Sharpe GP, O\u2019Leary N et al. Longitudinal in vivo imaging of retinal ganglion cells and retinal thickness changes following optic nerve injury in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7: e40352.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(03)00027-2","volume":"22","author":"S Isenmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Isenmann S . Molecular determinants of retinal ganglion cell development, survival, and regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2003; 22: 483\u2013543.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR52","first-page":"2085","volume":"14","author":"G Campbell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campbell G, Kitching J, Anderson PN, Lieberman AR . Different effects of astrocytes and Schwann cells on regenerating retinal axons. Glial Cells 2003; 14: 2085\u20132088.","journal-title":"Glial Cells"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01235752","volume":"22","author":"M Dezawa","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dezawa M . Contacts between regenerating axons and the Schwann cells of sciatic nerve segments grafted to the optic nerve of adult rats. J Neurocytol 1993; 22: 1103\u20131112.","journal-title":"J Neurocytol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6318","volume":"52","author":"SSL Chew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chew SSL, Johnson CS, Green CR, Danesh-Meyer HV . Response of retinal Connexin43 to optic nerve injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 3620\u20133629.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1086\/665457","volume":"87","author":"RB Borgens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borgens RB, Liu-Snyder P . Understanding secondary injury. Q Rev Bio 2012; 87: 89\u2013127.","journal-title":"Q Rev Bio"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR56","first-page":"975","volume":"42","author":"H Levkovitch-Verbin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levkovitch-Verbin H, Quigley HA, Kerrigan-Baumrind LA, D\u2019Anna SA, Kerrigan D, Pease ME . Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 975\u2013982.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61423-7","volume":"377","author":"HA Quigley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quigley HA . Glaucoma. Lancet 2011; 377: 1367\u20131377.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4137\/OED.S4909","volume":"4","author":"L Crawley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crawley L, Zamir SM, Cordeiro MF, Guo L . Clinical options for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmol Eye Dis 2012; 4: 43\u201364.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Eye Dis"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.07.034","volume":"75","author":"DL Savigni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Savigni DL, O\u2019Hare Doig RL, Szymanski CR, Bartlett CA, Lozi\u0107 I, Smith NM et al. Three Ca2+ channel inhibitors in combination limit chronic secondary degeneration following neurotrauma. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75: 380\u2013390.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066448","volume":"8","author":"CR Szymanski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Szymanski CR, Chiha W, Morellini N, Cummins N, Bartlett CA, O\u2019Hare Doig RL et al. Paranode abnormalities and oxidative stress in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration: modulation by 670\u2009nm light treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8: e66448.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3884","volume":"51","author":"TV Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson TV, Bull ND, Martin KR . Identification of barriers to retinal engraftment of transplanted stem cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 960\u2013970.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0898","volume":"26","author":"S Singhal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singhal S, Lawrence JM, Bhatia B, Ellis JS, Kwan AS, Macneil A et al. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and microglia prevent migration and integration of grafted M\u00fcller stem cells into degenerating retina. Stem Cells 2008; 26: 1074\u20131082.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.11.3","volume":"6","author":"TV Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson TV, Bull ND, Martin KR . Stem cell therapy for glaucoma: possibilities and practicalities. Expert Rev Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 165\u2013174.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2011-0005","volume":"1","author":"S Singhal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singhal S, Bhatia B, Jayaram H, Becker S, Jones MF, Cottrill PB et al. Human M\u00fcller glia with stem cell characteristics differentiate into retinal ganglion cell (RGC) precursors in vitro and partially restore RGC function in vivo following transplantation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1: 188\u2013199.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.490608","volume":"22","author":"S Parrinello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Parrinello S, Noon LA, Harrisingh MC, Digby PW, Rosenberg LH, Cremona CA et al. NF1 loss disrupts Schwann cell \u2013 axonal interactions: a novel role for semaphorin 4F. Genes Dev 2008; 22: 3335\u20133348.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703707104","volume":"104","author":"L Guo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guo L, Salt TE, Luong V, Wood N, Cheung W, Maass A et al. Targeting amyloid-\u03b2 in glaucoma treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 13444\u201313449.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2009.3","volume":"1","author":"MF Cordeiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cordeiro MF, Guo L, Coxon KM, Duggan J, Nizari S, Normando EM et al. Imaging multiple phases of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to assessing cell death in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1: e3.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR68","first-page":"437","volume":"173","author":"L Guo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guo L, Cordeiro MF . Assessment of neuroprotection in the retina with DARC. Brain 2008; 173: 437\u2013450.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0754","volume":"47","author":"L Guo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guo L, Salt TE, Maass A, Luong V, Moss SE, Fitzke FW et al. Assessment of neuroprotective effects of glutamate modulation on glaucoma-related retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 626\u2013633.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFcddis2014399_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6504","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5551","volume":"51","author":"L Guo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo L, Normando EM, Nizari S, Lara D, Cordeiro MF . Tracking longitudinal retinal changes in experimental ocular hypertension using the cSLO and spectral domain-OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 6504\u20136513.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Cell Death &amp; Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cddis2014399.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cddis2014399","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cddis2014399.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T20:14:45Z","timestamp":1717445685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cddis2014399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BFcddis2014399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cddis.2014.399","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-4889"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-4889","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2014","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2014","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2014","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Professor M Francesca Cordeiro is a named inventor on a patent application covering the DARC technology disclosed in this report. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}