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In many other cellular systems, TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    may also induce autophagy, but a link between its fibrogenic and autophagic effects is unknown. Thus we tested whether or not TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced autophagy has a regulatory function on fibrosis in human atrial myofibroblasts (hATMyofbs). Primary hATMyofbs were treated with TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    to assess for fibrogenic and autophagic responses. Using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopic analyses, we found that TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    promoted collagen type I\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    2 and fibronectin synthesis in hATMyofbs and that this was paralleled by an increase in autophagic activation in these cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin-A1 and 3-methyladenine decreased the fibrotic response in hATMyofb cells. ATG7 knockdown in hATMyofbs and ATG5 knockout (mouse embryonic fibroblast) fibroblasts decreased the fibrotic effect of TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    in experimental\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    control cells. Furthermore, using a coronary artery ligation model of myocardial infarction in rats, we observed increases in the levels of protein markers of fibrosis, autophagy and Smad2 phosphorylation in whole scar tissue lysates. Immunohistochemistry for LC3\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    indicated the localization of punctate LC3\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    with vimentin (a mesenchymal-derived cell marker), ED-A fibronectin and phosphorylated Smad2. These results support the hypothesis that TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced autophagy is required for the fibrogenic response in hATMyofbs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,19]],"date-time":"2015-03-19T09:45:18Z","timestamp":1426758318000},"page":"e1696-e1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Autophagy is a regulator of TGF-\u03b21-induced fibrogenesis in primary human atrial myofibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Ghavami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R H","family":"Cunnington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Yeganeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K L","family":"Filomeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D H","family":"Freed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Klonisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Halayko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I M C","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFcddis201536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2010.10.033","volume":"51","author":"M Dobaczewski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dobaczewski M, Chen W, Frangogiannis NG . 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