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In general, the effects of transcription factors (TFs) that are transduced into cells can be influenced by pre-existing transcriptional networks and epigenetic modifications. However, previous work has identified four key TFs,\n                    <jats:italic>Oct4, Sox2, Klf4<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>c-Myc<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which can reprogram various differentiated cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that in the heart, the transduction of cardiac mesenchymal progenitors (CMPs) with Klf4 and c-Myc (KM) was sufficient to drive the differentiation of these cells into adipocytes without the use of adipogenic stimulation cocktail, that is, insulin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and dexamethasone. KM-transduced CMPs exhibited a gradually increased expression of adipogenic-related genes, such as\n                    <jats:italic>C\/Ebp\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ppar\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Fabp4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, inactivation of the cell cycle-related pathway and formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets within 10 days. In contrast, NIH3T3 fibroblasts, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transduced with KM did not differentiate into adipocytes. Both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury models demonstrated that the expression of KM genes sharply increased following a reperfusion insult. These results suggest that ectopic adipose tissue formation in the heart following myocardial infarction results from CMPs that express KM following a stress response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T12:08:36Z","timestamp":1460635716000},"page":"e2190-e2190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cardiac mesenchymal progenitors differentiate into adipocytes via Klf4 and c-Myc"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Kami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8115-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Gojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFcddis201631_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.11.005","volume":"20","author":"MI Lefterova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lefterova MI, Lazar MA . 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