{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:33:42Z","timestamp":1787002422304,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,4]],"date-time":"2008-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1215129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,4]],"date-time":"2008-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1215129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Gene Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2008.47","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,4]],"date-time":"2008-07-04T06:27:30Z","timestamp":1215152850000},"page":"758-764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["E. coli nitroreductase\/CB1954 gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy: role of arylamine N-acetlytransferase 2"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"D J","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R F","family":"Minchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1081\/CNV-200027148","volume":"22","author":"WA Denny","year":"2004","unstructured":"Denny WA . Tumour-activated prodrugs\u2014a new approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Invest 2004; 22: 604\u2013619.","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2174\/156652306779010679","volume":"6","author":"S Schepelmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schepelmann S, Springer CJ . Viral vectors for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2006; 6: 647\u2013670.","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR3","first-page":"2662","volume":"7","author":"G Chung-Faye","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chung-Faye G, Palmer D, Anderson D, Clark J, Downes M, Baddeley J et al. Virus-directed, enzyme prodrug therapy with nitroimidazole reductase: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of its prodrug, CB1954. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 2662\u20132668.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300873","volume":"6","author":"W Cui","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cui W, Gusterson B, Clark A . Nitroreductase-mediated cell ablation is very rapid and mediated by a p53-independent apoptotic pathway. Gene Therapy 1999; 6: 764\u2013770.","journal-title":"Gene Therapy"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90335-8","volume":"37","author":"RJ Knox","year":"1988","unstructured":"Knox RJ, Friedlos F, Jarman M, Roberts JJ . A new cytotoxic, DNA interstrand crosslinking agent, 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-4-hydroxylamino-2-nitrobenzamide, is formed from 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB 1954) by a nitroreductase enzyme in Walker carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37: 4661\u20134669.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(92)90672-6","volume":"44","author":"RJ Knox","year":"1992","unstructured":"Knox RJ, Friedlos F, Sherwood RF, Melton RG, Anlezark GM . The bioactivation of 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB1954)\u2014II. A comparison of an Escherichia coli nitroreductase and Walker DT diaphorase. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 2297\u20132301.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1021\/tx025662b","volume":"16","author":"NA Helsby","year":"2003","unstructured":"Helsby NA, Wheeler SJ, Pruijn FB, Palmer BD, Yang S, Denny WA et al. Effect of nitroreduction on the alkylating reactivity and cytotoxicity of the 2,4-dinitrobenzamide-5-aziridine CB 1954 and the corresponding nitrogen mustard SN 23862: distinct mechanisms of bioreductive activation. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16: 469\u2013478.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(92)90671-5","volume":"44","author":"GM Anlezark","year":"1992","unstructured":"Anlezark GM, Melton RG, Sherwood RF, Coles B, Friedlos F, Knox RJ . The bioactivation of 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB1954)\u2014I. Purification and properties of a nitroreductase enzyme from Escherichia coli\u2014a potential enzyme for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 2289\u20132295.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.07.021","volume":"216","author":"MH Tang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tang MH, Helsby NA, Wilson WR, Tingle MD . Aerobic 2- and 4-nitroreduction of CB 1954 by human liver. Toxicology 2005; 216: 129\u2013139.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(93)90030-J","volume":"290","author":"RF Minchin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Minchin RF, Kadlubar FF, Ilett KF . Role of acetylation in colorectal-cancer. Mutat Res 1993; 290: 35\u201342.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(92)91703-S","volume":"185","author":"RF Minchin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Minchin RF, Reeves PT, Teitel CH, McManus ME, Mojarrabi B, Ilett KF et al. N-acetylation and O-acetylation of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens by human monomorphic and polymorphic acetyltransferases expressed in cos-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185: 839\u2013844.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(91)90503-W","volume":"42","author":"RJ Knox","year":"1991","unstructured":"Knox RJ, Friedlos F, Marchbank T, Roberts JJ . Bioactivation of CB 1954: reaction of the active 4-hydroxylamino derivative with thioesters to form the ultimate DNA\u2013DNA interstrand crosslinking species. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42: 1691\u20131697.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22131","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312858200","volume":"279","author":"NJ Butcher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Butcher NJ, Arulpragasam A, Minchin RF . Proteasomal degradation of N-acetyltransferase 1 is prevented by acetylation of the active site cysteine: a mechanism for the slow acetylator phenotype and substrate-dependent down-regulation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 22131\u201322137.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300744","volume":"5","author":"I McNeish","year":"1998","unstructured":"McNeish I, Green N, Gilligan M, Ford M, Mautner V, Young L et al. Virus directed enzyme prodrug therapy for ovarian and pancreatic cancer using retrovirally delivered E. coli nitroreductase and CB1954. Gene Therapy 1998; 5: 1061\u20131069.","journal-title":"Gene Therapy"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199802000-00009","volume":"8","author":"NJ Butcher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Butcher NJ, Ilett KF, Minchin RF . Functional polymorphism of the human arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 gene caused by C190T and G560A mutations. Pharmacogenetics 1998; 8: 67\u201372.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200003339234","volume":"1","author":"E Banoglu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Banoglu E . Current status of the cytosolic sulfotransferases in the metabolic activation of promutagens and procarcinogens. Curr Drug Metab 2000; 1: 1\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj061","volume":"90","author":"N Gamage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N, Duggleby RG, Windmill KF, Martin JL et al. Human sulfotransferases and their role in chemical metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90: 5\u201322.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500053","volume":"2","author":"NJ Butcher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Butcher NJ, Boukouvala S, Sim E, Minchin RF . Pharmacogenetics of the arylamine N-acetyltransferases. Pharmacogenomics J 2002; 2: 30\u201342.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR19","first-page":"1425","volume":"62","author":"W Wilson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wilson W, Pullen S, Hogg A, Helsby N, Hicks K, Denny W . Quantification of bystander effects in nitroreductase suicide gene therapy using three-dimensional cell cultures. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1425\u20131432.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601612","volume":"90","author":"NA Helsby","year":"2004","unstructured":"Helsby NA, Ferry DM, Patterson AV, Pullen SM, Wilson WR . 2-Amino metabolites are key mediators of CB 1954 and SN 23862 bystander effects in nitroreductase GDEPT. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1084\u20131092.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.8.1703","volume":"15","author":"KR Kaderlik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kaderlik KR, Minchin RF, Mulder GJ, Ilett KF, Daugaardjenson M, Teitel CH et al. Metabolic-activation pathway for the formation of DNA-adducts of the carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo 4,5-B pyridine (Phip) in rat extrahepatic tissues. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 1703\u20131709.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR22","first-page":"5532","volume":"63","author":"JI Grove","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grove JI, Lovering AL, Guise C, Race PR, Wrighton CJ, White SA et al. Generation of Escherichia coli nitroreductase mutants conferring improved cell sensitization to the prodrug CB1954. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 5532\u20135537.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)90493-6","volume":"47","author":"KF Ilett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ilett KF, Ingram DM, Carpenter DS, Teitel CH, Lang NP, Kadlubar FF et al. Expression of monomorphic and polymorphic N-acetyltransferases in human colon. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47: 914\u2013917.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(90)90036-2","volume":"46","author":"KF Ilett","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ilett KF, Tee LBG, Reeves PT, Minchin RF . Metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics in the gut lumen and wall. Pharmacol Ther 1990; 46: 67\u201393.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"BFcgt200847_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199310000-00006","volume":"3","author":"KF Ilett","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ilett KF, Chiswell GM, Spargo RM, Platt E, Minchin RF . Acetylation phenotype and genotype in aboriginal leprosy patients from the north-west region of Western Australia. Pharmacogenetics 1993; 3: 264\u2013269.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"}],"container-title":["Cancer Gene Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cgt200847.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cgt200847","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cgt200847.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T07:10:31Z","timestamp":1647933031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cgt200847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BFcgt200847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cgt.2008.47","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-1903","1476-5500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-1903","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2008","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2008","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2008","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}