{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:13:28Z","timestamp":1768900408418,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a recently recognized inflammatory disorder that needs a potential therapeutic strategy. We earlier showed that iNKT cell\u2010deficient mice are protected from allergen\u2010induced EoE. Therefore, we now tested the hypothesis that iNKT cells are induced in the human EoE and is a novel possible target for the treatment of human EoE. Accordingly, we examine number of iNKT cells and eosinophils and expression of iNKT\u2010associated cell surface receptors and chemokines by performing immunofluorescence, qPCR and ELISA in the esophageal biopsies and blood samples of normal subjects (comparison control) and EoE patients. Herein, we show that iNKT cell number, their receptor subcomponents V\u03b124 and V\u03b211 expression, and associated chemokine CXCL16 levels (or expression) are induced significantly in EoE patients compared with normal individuals. In addition, we show that CXCL16 levels (or expression) correlate with the mRNA levels of V\u03b124 receptor but not well with esophageal eosinophilia in human EoE. Of note, we show that <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> activation of iNKT cells is sufficient to induce EoE in mice. Furthermore, we show that anti\u2010mCD1d\u2010 and anti\u2010hV\u03b124J\u03b118\u2010neutralizing antibody treatment protects allergen\u2010induced experimental EoE. Taken together, we have shown first time that iNKT cells have a critical pathogenic role in human and experimental EoE. iNKT cell neutralization by humanized anti\u2010CD1d and anti\u2010V\u03b124J\u03b118 antibodies might be a novel and potential therapy for human EoE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2013.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T08:24:27Z","timestamp":1389342267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Invariant natural killer T\u2010cell neutralization is a possible novel therapy for human eosinophilic esophagitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Rayapudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati OH 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