{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:36:07Z","timestamp":1753871767476,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,29]],"date-time":"2016-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are notable inter\u2010individual variations in vaccine\u2010specific antibody responses in vaccinated children. The aim of our study was to investigate whether early\u2010life environmental factors and adaptive immune maturation prior and close to measles\u2013mumps\u2013rubella (MMR) immunization relate to magnitudes of vaccine\u2010specific antibody titers. In the FARMFLORA birth cohort, including both farming and non\u2010farming families, children were immunized with the MMR vaccine at 18 months of age. MMR vaccine\u2010induced antibody titers were measured in plasma samples obtained at 36 months of age. Infants\u2019 blood samples obtained at birth, 3\u20135 days and at 4 and 18 months of age were analyzed for T\u2010 and B\u2010cell numbers, proportions of naive and memory T and B cells, and fractions of putative regulatory T cells. Multivariate factor analyses show that higher anti\u2010MMR antibody titers were associated with a lower degree of adaptive immune maturation, that is, lower proportions of memory T cells and a lower capacity of mononuclear cells to produce cytokines, but with higher proportions of putative regulatory T cells. Further, children born by cesarean section (CS) had significantly higher anti\u2010measles titers than vaginally\u2010born children; and CS was found to be associated with delayed adaptive immunity. Also, girls presented with significantly higher anti\u2010mumps and anti\u2010rubella antibody levels than boys at 36 months of age. These results indicate that delayed adaptive immune maturation before and in close proximity to immunization seems to be advantageous for the ability of children to respond with higher anti\u2010MMR antibody levels after vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,29]],"date-time":"2016-04-29T09:12:13Z","timestamp":1461921133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Delayed adaptive immunity is related to higher MMR vaccine\u2010induced antibody titers in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Str\u00f6mbeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg 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