{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:04:56Z","timestamp":1791493496152,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune liver diseases are conditions of low prevalence that comprise the triad of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis (cirrhosis) and primary sclerosing cholangitis and their poorly characterised overlapping syndromes. Diagnostic autoantibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis but not with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Autoantibodies are useful disease markers that facilitate early diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis and allow for therapeutic intervention to prevent progression to liver cirrhosis and associated complications. Adult onset type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is associated with F\u2010actin reactive smooth muscle autoantibody, antinuclear autoantibody in 60% of patients, and autoantibody to SLA\/LP in 15\u201320%. Juvenile onset type 2 autoimmune hepatitis is associated with LKM\u20101 and LC\u20101 autoantibodies. Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with a mitochondria\u2010associated autoantibody designated M2 in &gt;90% of patients and with disease\u2010specific antinuclear autoantibodies in 50% that bind to antigens in the nuclear core complex and in multiple nuclear dots. Autoantibodies to the nuclear core complex target gp210, nucleoporin p62 and nuclear lamin B receptor. Autoantibodies to multiple nuclear dots target Sp100 and PML antigens. Liver autoantibodies in asymptomatic patients with normal liver function may precede the subsequent development of overt autoimmune liver disease. For routine diagnostic immunology laboratories, initial screening for liver autoantibodies by immunofluorescence remains the method of choice with confirmation for reactivity with their target antigen by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or line blot when required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2017.14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T03:21:49Z","timestamp":1493954509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Diagnostic autoantibodies for autoimmune liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ban\u2010Hock","family":"Toh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Laboratory, Australian Clinical Labs and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Southern Clinical School  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00021-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1984.tb00927.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91627-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2008.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"417","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of autoantibodies in individuals with chronic hepatitis C and those with autoimmune hepatitis: the role of interferon in the development of autoimmune diseases","volume":"44","author":"Bayraktar Y","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","first-page":"621","article-title":"Smooth muscle autoantibodies and autoantigens","volume":"38","author":"Toh BH","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)92505-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"278","article-title":"Fixation of human anti\u2010actin autoantibodies on skeletal muscle fibres","volume":"27","author":"Chaponnier C","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(78)90117-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.30.7.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/264648a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","first-page":"473","article-title":"Human smooth muscle autoantibody. 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