{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:34:53Z","timestamp":1781818493594,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1488970874000},"page":"731-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for symptomatic gallstone disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"T J","family":"McConnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P N","family":"Appleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T J","family":"Key","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ . EPIC\u2013Oxford:lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6: 259\u2013268.","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002430"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh170","volume":"160","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . Dietary protein and the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of US women: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 11\u201318.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31815792c2","volume":"247","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . Long-chain saturated fatty acids consumption and risk of gallstone disease among men. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 95\u2013103.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.02.040","volume":"119","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Med 2006; 119: 760\u2013767.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.031435","volume":"54","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men. Gut 2005; 54: 823\u2013828.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.9.1011","volume":"165","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . Long-term intake of trans-fatty acids and risk of gallstone disease in men. Arch Internal Med 2005; 165: 1011\u20131015.","journal-title":"Arch Internal Med"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh302","volume":"160","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Hu FB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . A prospective cohort study of nut consumption and the risk of gallstone disease in men. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 961\u2013968.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.76","volume":"80","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Hu FB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 76\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00001","volume":"128","author":"MF Leitzmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Wing AL et al. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Internal Med 1998; 128: 417\u2013425.","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.7.880","volume":"81","author":"R Sichieri","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sichieri R, Everhart JE, Roth H . A prospective study of hospitalization with gallstone disease among women: role of dietary factors, fasting period, and dieting. Am J Public Health 1991; 81: 880\u2013884.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.5.916","volume":"52","author":"KM Maclure","year":"1990","unstructured":"Maclure KM, Hayes KC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC . Dietary predictors of symptom-associated gallstones in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 916\u2013922.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210902","volume":"321","author":"KM Maclure","year":"1989","unstructured":"Maclure KM, Hayes KC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC . Weight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 563\u2013569.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909089221","volume":"24","author":"T Jorgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jorgensen T, Jorgensen LM . Gallstones and diet in a Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 821\u2013826.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.11.1511","volume":"29","author":"F Pixley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pixley F, Mann J . Dietary factors in the aetiology of gall stones: a case control study. Gut 1988; 29: 1511\u20131515.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32833efdb2","volume":"22","author":"T Walcher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walcher T, Haenle MM, Mason RA, Koenig W, Imhof A, Kratzer W . The effect of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine consumption and vegetarian diet on gallstone prevalence. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 1345\u20131351.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6487.11","volume":"291","author":"F Pixley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pixley F, Wilson D, McPherson K, Mann J . Effect of vegetarianism on development of gall stones in women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 291: 11\u201312.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115145","volume":"9","author":"YC Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen YC, Chiou C, Lin MN, Lin CL . The prevalence and risk factors for gallstone disease in taiwanese vegetarians. PloS One 2014; 9: e115145.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFejcn2016252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.suppl_1.S137","volume":"26","author":"SA Bingham","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, Cassidy A, Runswick SA, Oakes S et al. Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26 (Suppl 1), S137\u2013S151.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR19","volume-title":"Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North","author":"P Townsend","year":"1987","unstructured":"Townsend P, Phillimore P, Beattie A . Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North. Croom Helm: London, UK, 1987."},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04381.x","volume":"21","author":"CH Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen CH, Huang MH, Yang JC, Nien CK, Etheredge GD, Yang CC et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gallstone disease in an adult population of Taiwan: an epidemiological survey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 1737\u20131743.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR21","first-page":"97","volume":"24","author":"V Jayanthi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jayanthi V, Anand L, Ashok L, Srinivasan V . Dietary factors in pathogenesis of gallstone disease in southern India\u2014a hospital-based case-control study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2005; 24: 97\u201399.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02484.x","volume":"16","author":"V Singh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Singh V, Trikha B, Nain C, Singh K, Bose S . Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Chandigarh: a community-based study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 560\u2013563.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111809","volume":"75","author":"RA Liddle","year":"1985","unstructured":"Liddle RA, Goldfine ID, Rosen MS, Taplitz RA, Williams JA . Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma. Molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 1144\u20131152.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.168","volume":"67","author":"L Marciani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marciani L, Cox EF, Hoad CL, Totman JJ, Costigan C, Singh G et al. Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 1182\u20131187.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-7-200410050-00007","volume":"141","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL . The effect of long-term intake of cis unsaturated fats on the risk for gallstone disease in men: a prospective cohort study. Ann Internal Med 2004; 141: 514\u2013522.","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5282","volume":"14","author":"D Festi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Festi D, Dormi A, Capodicasa S, Staniscia T, Attili AF, Loria P et al. Incidence of gallstone disease in Italy: Results from a multicenter, population-based Italian study (the MICOL project). World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5282\u20135289.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-83","volume":"14","author":"J-Y Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen J-Y, Hsu C-T, Liu J-H, Tung T-H . Clinical predictors of incident gallstone disease in a Chinese population in Taipei, Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14: 83\u201383.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BFejcn2016252_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1182583","volume":"51","author":"DM Shabanzadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shabanzadeh DM, S\u00f8rensen LT, J\u00f8rgensen T . Determinants for gallstone formation \u2013 a new data cohort study and a systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51: 1239\u20131248.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ejcn2016252.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ejcn2016252","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/ejcn.2016.252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ejcn2016252.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T13:51:24Z","timestamp":1648216284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ejcn2016252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFejcn2016252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2016.252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-3007","1476-5640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-3007","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2016","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2017","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}