{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:30:22Z","timestamp":1792636222549,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,7,1]],"date-time":"1991-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":678326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.65","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1309775348000},"page":"395-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":314,"title":["Meibomian gland disease. Classification and grading of lid changes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"A J","family":"Bron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G R","family":"Snibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFeye199165_CR1","first-page":"927","volume":"30","author":"JV Jester","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jester JV, Nicholaides N, Smith RE : Meibomian gland dysfunction. I. Keratin protein expression in normal human and rabbit meibomian glands. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989a, 30: 927\u201335.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR2","unstructured":"Meibomius H : De Vasis palpebrarum Novis Epis-tola p.23. M\u00fcller, Helmst\u00e4dt."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1966.86","volume":"46","author":"F Neumann","year":"1966","unstructured":"Neumann F and Elger W : The effect of a new anti-androgenic steroid, 6-Chloro-17-Hydroxy-1\u03b1, 2\u03b1 Methylene Pregna-4, 6-Diene-3, 20 Dione Acetate (Cyproterone Acetate) on the sebaceous glands of mice. J Invest Dermatol 1966, 46: 561\u201372.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1970.tb08003.x","volume":"82 (Suppl 60)","author":"JS Strauss","year":"1970","unstructured":"Strauss JS and Pochi PE : Assay of anti-androgens in man by the sebaceous gland response. Br J Dermatol 1970, 82 (Suppl 60): 33\u201342.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12676782","volume":"62","author":"S Schuster","year":"1974","unstructured":"Schuster S and Thody AJ : The control and measurement of sebum secretion. J Invest Dermatol 1974, 62: 172\u201390.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/lipi.19790810308","volume":"81","author":"H Zaun","year":"1979","unstructured":"Zaun H : Zur hormonelle Beeinflussung der Talgsek-retion. Fette Seife Anstrichtsmittel 1979, 81: 130\u20133.","journal-title":"Fette Seife Anstrichtsmittel"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR7","unstructured":"Zlotogorski A, Glaser B, Berovici B, Dikstein S : Sebum measurements for rapid identification of hyperandrogenism. (in press)."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR8","first-page":"14","volume":"109 (Suppl 25)","author":"W Hartschuh","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hartschuh W, Weihe E, Reinecke M : Peptidergic (neurotensin, VIP, substance P) nerve fibres in the skin. Immunohistochemical evidence of an involvement of neuropeptides in nociception, pru-ritis and inflammation. Br J Dermatol 1983, 109 (Suppl 25): 14\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR9","first-page":"318","volume":"24","author":"A Buschke","year":"1905","unstructured":"Buschke A and Fr\u00e4nkel A : Ueber die Funktion der Talgdrusen und deren Beziehung zum Fettstoff-weschel. Berlin-Klin Wshcr 1905, 24: 318\u201322.","journal-title":"Berlin-Klin Wshcr"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR10","first-page":"660","volume":"22","author":"JV Jester","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jester JV, Rife L, Nii D, Luttrull JK, Wilson L, Smith RE : In vivo biomicroscopy and photography of meibomian glands in a rabbit model of meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982, 22: 660\u20137.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR11","first-page":"936","volume":"30","author":"JV Jester","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jester JV, Nicholaides N, Kiss-Polvolgyi I, Smith RE : Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. II: The role of keratinisation in a rabbit model of MGD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989b, 30: 936\u201345.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR12","first-page":"253","volume":"19 (Suppl)","author":"FP Killey","year":"1980","unstructured":"Killey FP, Minckler DS, Smith RE, Spencer JA : The effect of long term epinephrine in the rabbit eye. (ARVO abstracts). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980, 19 (Suppl): 253.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR13","first-page":"1061","volume":"40","author":"JM Tiffany","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tiffany JM and Dart JKG : Normal and abnormal functions of meibomian gland secretions. Roy Soc Med Int Congr Symp Ser 1981, 40: 1061\u20134.","journal-title":"Roy Soc Med Int Congr Symp Ser"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR14","first-page":"291","volume":"66","author":"E Wolff","year":"1946","unstructured":"Wolff E : The mucocutaneous function of the lid margin and the distribution of the tear fluid. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1946, 66: 291\u2013308.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.45.11.718","volume":"45","author":"RG Linton","year":"1961","unstructured":"Linton RG, Curnow DH, Riley WJ : The meibomian glands: An investigation into the secretion and some aspects of the physiology. Br J Ophthalmol 1961, 45: 718\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR16","first-page":"905","volume":"66","author":"JE McDonald","year":"1968","unstructured":"McDonald JE : Surface phenomena of tear films. Trans Am Ophthal Soc 1968, 66: 905\u20139.","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthal Soc"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198311000-00002","volume":"60","author":"JE Josephson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Josephson JE : Appearance of the preocular tear film lipid layer. Am J Optom Physiol 1983, 60: 883\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-024922-0.50005-9","volume":"22","author":"JM Tiffany","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tiffany JM : The lipid secretion of the meibomian glands. Adv Lipid Res 1987, 22: 1\u201362.","journal-title":"Adv Lipid Res"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR19","first-page":"396","volume":"104","author":"JM Tiffany","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tiffany JM : The role of meibomian secretion in the tears. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1985, 104: 396\u2013401.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR20","unstructured":"Nicolaides N : Recent finding on the chemical composition of the lipids of steer and human meibomian glands. In \u2018The Preocular Tear Film\u2019 ed F. Holly, pp. 570\u2013596 Dry Eye Institute, Lubbock, Texas 1986."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR21","unstructured":"Virchow H : Microscopic anatomy of the outer coats of the eye and the lids (German). In \u2018Graefe-Sae-misch Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde\u2019 ed T. Saemisch, 1910, Vol 1, Part 1, Ch 2."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR22","unstructured":"Duke Elder WS and Wybar KC : The anatomy of the visual system. Vol II of the system of Ophthalmology. H Kimpton, London 1961."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR23","unstructured":"Wolffe E : Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. Seventh edition. Ed R Warwick 1976. HK Lewis, London."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR24","unstructured":"Murube del Castillo J : Dacriologia Basica p 432. Soc Esp Oftal, Las Palmas 1981."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.4.312","volume":"71","author":"AJ Bron","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bron AJ and Mengher LS : Congenital deficiency of meibomian glands. Br J Ophthalmol 1987, 71: 312\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(77)90087-X","volume":"22","author":"FJ Holly","year":"1977","unstructured":"Holly FJ and Lemp MA : Tear physiology and dry eyes. Surv Ophthalmol 1977, 22: 69\u201387.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(74)90078-6","volume":"78","author":"JL Baum","year":"1974","unstructured":"Baum JL and Bull MJ : Ocular manifestations of the ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip-palate syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1974, 78: 211\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76134-3","volume":"97","author":"BJ Mondino","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mondino BJ, Bath PE, Foos RY, Apt L, Rajacich GM : Absent meibomian glands in the ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip-palate syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1984, 97: 496\u2013500.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR29","unstructured":"Bron AJ, Tiffany JMT, Kaura R, Mengher LS : Disorders of tear lipids and mucous glycoproteins. In: DL Easty, GS Molin eds. External eye disease. London: Butterworths 1984. 63\u2013105 Theodore."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR30","first-page":"243","volume":"51","author":"DR Korb","year":"1980","unstructured":"Korb DR and Henriquez AS : Meibomian gland dysfunction and contact lens intolerance. J Am Optom Assoc 1980, 51: 243\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.2.108","volume":"65","author":"AS Henriquez","year":"1981","unstructured":"Henriquez AS and Korb DR : Meibomian glands and contact lens wear. Br J Ophthalmol 1981, 65: 108\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90365-8","volume":"94","author":"VJ Gutgesell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gutgesell VJ, Stern GA, Hood CI : Histopathology of meibomian gland dysfunction. Am J Ophthalmol 1982, 94: 383\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR33","first-page":"85","volume":"87","author":"CG Kieth","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kieth CG : Seborrhoeic blepharo-kerato-conjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1967, 87: 85\u2013103.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR34","first-page":"637","volume":"210","author":"R Tapie","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tapie R : Etude biomicroscopique des glandes de Meibomius. Ann Oculist 1977, 210: 637\u201348.","journal-title":"Ann Oculist"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33848-4","volume":"92","author":"JB Robin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Robin JB, Jester JV, Nobe J, Nicolaides N, Smith: In vivo transillumination biomicroscopy and photography of meibomian gland dysfunction. Ophthalmology 1985, 92: 1423\u20136.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(21)90891-2","volume":"4","author":"SR Gifford","year":"1921","unstructured":"Gifford SR : Meibomian glands in chronic blepharo-conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1921, 4: 489\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR37","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S : System of Ophthalmol. XIII. The Ocular Adnexa. Part I Diseases of the eyelids. p. 241\u2013250, Sir S Duke-Elder and PA MacFaul. Pub. H Kimpton, London 1974."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR38","unstructured":"Deyl : Ueber die \u00c4tiologie der Chalazion, Prague 1893."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR39","first-page":"302","volume":"11","author":"Dianoux","year":"1891","unstructured":"Dianoux : La conjonctivite a chalazion. Arch d'Ophthal 1891, 11: 302.","journal-title":"Arch d'Ophthal"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb05731.x","volume":"58","author":"MS Norn","year":"1980","unstructured":"Norn MS : Natural fats in external eye. Vital stained by Sudan III. Acta Ophthalmol 1980 58: 331\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR41","first-page":"689","volume":"63","author":"MS Norn","year":"1985","unstructured":"Norn MS : Meibomian orifices and Marx's line. Studied by triple staining. Acta Ophthamol 1985, 63: 689\u2013700.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthamol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1963.tb03566.x","volume":"41","author":"MS Norn","year":"1963","unstructured":"Norn MS : Foam at outer palpebral canthus. Acta Ophthalmol 1963, 41: 531\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR43","unstructured":"Mackenzie : A practical treatise on diseases of the eye. 2nd edition. London P. 149. 1835."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR44","unstructured":"Scarpa : Arch di Otti 1897, 82."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR45","unstructured":"Elschnig A : Die massage in der Augenheilkunde. Wiener medizinischen presse 1901 no. 18 und 19."},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1186613","volume":"34","author":"A Elschnig","year":"1908","unstructured":"Elschnig A : Beitrag zur Aetiologie und therapie der chronischen conjunctivitis. Deutsch med Wschr 1908, 34: 1133.","journal-title":"Deutsch med Wschr"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR47","first-page":"259","volume":"17","author":"Addario","year":"1988","unstructured":"Addario : Sci di un caso di calazio multiplo e di tarsite cronica diffusa di tutte e quattro le palpebre. Ann di Ott 1988, 17: 259.","journal-title":"Ann di Ott"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR48","first-page":"529","volume":"45","author":"A Natanson","year":"1907","unstructured":"Natanson A : Chronische multiple eitrige Entz\u00fcn-dung der Meibomschen Drusen. Klin Mbl. f. Augenhlk 1907, 45: 529.","journal-title":"Klin Mbl. f. Augenhlk"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34669-2","volume":"89","author":"JP McCulley","year":"1982","unstructured":"McCulley JP, Dougherty JM, Deneau DG : Classification of chronic blepharitis. Ophthalmology 1982, 89: 1173\u201380.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(77)90497-4","volume":"84","author":"JP McCulley","year":"1977","unstructured":"McCulley JP and Sciallis CF : Meibomian keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthmol 1977, 84: 788\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1946.00890210453002","volume":"36","author":"P Thygeson","year":"1946","unstructured":"Thygeson P : Etiology and treatment of blepharitis. A study in military personnel. Arch Ophthalmol 1946, 36: 445\u201377.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye199165_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(22)91023-2","volume":"5","author":"HW Cowper","year":"1922","unstructured":"Cowper HW : Meibomian seborrhoea. Am J Ophthalmol 1922, 5: 25\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye199165.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye199165","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye199165.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:27:33Z","timestamp":1684430853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye199165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFeye199165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.1991.65","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]}}}