{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:16Z","timestamp":1790671216835,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]],"date-time":"2009-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]],"date-time":"2009-03-06T06:01:39Z","timestamp":1236319299000},"page":"2007-2022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Doyne Lecture: trachoma, is it history?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"H R","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Chlamydial Infections; 2002. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections; 2002","author":"RS Stephens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stephens RS . Chlamydial evolution: a billion years and counting. In: Schachter J, Christiansen G, Clarke IN, Hammerschlag MR, Kaltenboeck B, Kuo C-C et al. (eds). Chlamydial Infections; 2002. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections; 2002. Antalya-Turkey: International Chlamydia Symposium: San Francisco, 2002, pp 3\u201312."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections; 2006","author":"JM Marrazzo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marrazzo JM . Epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections: what's new since 2002. In: Chernesky M, Caldwell H, Christiansen G, Clarke IN, Kaltenboeck B, Knirsch C et al. (eds). Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections; 2006. Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada: International Chlamydia Symposium: San Francisco, 2006, pp 59\u201368."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR3","volume-title":"System of Ophthalmology. The Anatomy of the Visual System","author":"S Duke-Elder","year":"1961","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC . System of Ophthalmology. The Anatomy of the Visual System. The CV Mosby Company: St Louis, 1961."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR4","volume-title":"Trachoma: A Blinding Scourge from the Bronze Age to the Twenty-first Century","author":"HR Taylor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taylor HR . Trachoma: A Blinding Scourge from the Bronze Age to the Twenty-first Century. Centre for Eye Research Australia: Melbourne, 2008."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR5","volume-title":"The History of Ophthalmology, in Eleven Volumes 1: Antiquity","author":"J Hirschberg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hirschberg J . The History of Ophthalmology, in Eleven Volumes 1: Antiquity. JP Wayenborgh Verlag: Bonn, 1982."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90030-5","volume":"26","author":"MI Millar","year":"1988","unstructured":"Millar MI, Lane SD . Ethno-ophthalmology in the Egyptian delta: an historical systems approach to ethnomedicine in the Middle East. Soc Sci Med 1988; 26: 651\u2013657.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR7","volume-title":"Trachoma","author":"J Boldt","year":"1904","unstructured":"Boldt J . Trachoma. Hodder and Stoughton: London, 1904."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR8","volume-title":"De Medicina (On Medicine) Celsus On Medicine Book VI","author":"AC Celsus","year":"1935","unstructured":"Celsus AC . De Medicina (On Medicine) Celsus On Medicine Book VI. Loeb Classical Library 1935, 1935. available at: http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Celsus\/6*.html , accessed July 2006."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR9","volume-title":"Trachoma and its Complications in Egypt","author":"AF MacCallan","year":"1913","unstructured":"MacCallan AF . Trachoma and its Complications in Egypt. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1913."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR10","volume-title":"The History of Ophthalmology, in Eleven Volumes 2: The Middle Ages; The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries","author":"J Hirschberg","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hirschberg J . The History of Ophthalmology, in Eleven Volumes 2: The Middle Ages; The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. JP Wayenborgh Verlag: Bonn, 1985."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.16.3.129","volume":"16","author":"M Meyerhof","year":"1932","unstructured":"Meyerhof M . A short history of ophthalmia during the Egyptian campaigns of 1798\u20131807. Br J Ophthalmol 1932; 16: 129\u2013152.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR12","volume-title":"An Account of the Ophthalmia which Appeared in England since the Return of the British Army from Egypt","author":"J Vetch","year":"1807","unstructured":"Vetch J . An Account of the Ophthalmia which Appeared in England since the Return of the British Army from Egypt. Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme: London, 1807."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson L . \u2018Identities Ascertained\u2019: British Ophthalmology in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Soc Hist Med. 1996; 9: 313\u2013333.","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/9.3.313"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR14","volume-title":"The History & Traditions of the Moorfields Eye Hospital. One Hundred Years of Ophthalmic Discovery & Development","author":"E Treacher Collins","year":"1929","unstructured":"Treacher Collins E . The History & Traditions of the Moorfields Eye Hospital. One Hundred Years of Ophthalmic Discovery & Development. H.K. Lewis & Co Ltd: London, 1929."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR15","volume-title":"A Short History of Ophthalmology","author":"A Sorsby","year":"1948","unstructured":"Sorsby A, Sorsby M . A Short History of Ophthalmology. Staples Press: London, New York, 1948."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR16","volume-title":"\u2018An Ornament to the City\u2019 The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital","author":"P Donovan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Donovan P . \u2018An Ornament to the City\u2019 The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital: Melbourne, 1992."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilde RW . The organs of sight and hearing. Lancet 1845; pp 431\u2013435.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)75624-9"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR18","volume-title":"A Century of International Ophthalmology (1857\u20131957)","author":"S Duke-Elder","year":"1958","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S . A Century of International Ophthalmology (1857\u20131957). Henry Kimpton: London, 1958."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00340-5","volume":"47","author":"SK Allen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allen SK, Semba RD . The trachoma \u2018Menace\u2019 in the United States, 1897\u20131960\u2014history of ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2002; 47: 500\u2013509.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1913.04350140026006","volume":"61","author":"J McMullen","year":"1913","unstructured":"McMullen J . Trachoma, its prevalence and control among immigrants. JAMA 1913; 61: 1110\u20131113.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.29.2.98","volume":"29","author":"A Sorsby","year":"1945","unstructured":"Sorsby A . The treatment of trachoma. With special reference to local sulphonamide therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 1945; 29: 98\u2013102.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR22","first-page":"25","volume":"100","author":"BR Jones","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jones BR . Changing concepts of trachoma and its control. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1980; 100: 25\u201329.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR23","first-page":"38","volume":"14","author":"R Friederich","year":"1982","unstructured":"Friederich R . Eye disease in the Navajo Indians. Ann Ophthalmol 1982; 14: 38\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of the 2nd Global Scientific Meeting on Trachoma. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR25","first-page":"366","volume":"31","author":"B Tellis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tellis B, Keeffe JE, Taylor HR, National Trachoma Surveillance and Reporting Unit. Surveillance report for active trachoma, 2006. Comm Dis Bull 2007; 31: 366\u2013374.","journal-title":"Comm Dis Bull"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR26","first-page":"482","volume":"2","author":"P Thygeson","year":"1963","unstructured":"Thygeson P . Epidemiologic observations on trachoma in the United States. Invest Ophthalmol 1963; 2: 482\u2013489.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR27","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Fourth WHO Scientific Group on Trachoma Research, (report) WHO: Geneva, 1966."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR28","volume-title":"Guide to Trachoma Control","author":"CR Dawson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dawson CR, Jones BR, Tarizzo ML . Guide to Trachoma Control. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1981."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR29","first-page":"477","volume":"65","author":"B Thylefors","year":"1987","unstructured":"Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR . A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complication. Bull World Health Organ 1987; 65: 477\u2013483.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR30","volume-title":"Trachoma Control\u2014A Guide for Programme Managers","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Solomon AW, Zondervan M, Kuper H, Buchan JC, Mabey DCW, Foster A . Trachoma Control\u2014A Guide for Programme Managers. World Health Organization: Geneva, 2006."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2005.0003","volume":"48","author":"TG Benedek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benedek TG . Gonorrhea and the beginnings of clinical research ethics. Perspect Biol Med 2005; 48: 54\u201373.","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR32","first-page":"44","volume":"26","author":"L Halberstaedter","year":"1907","unstructured":"Halberstaedter L, von Prowazek S . Uber zelleinschusse parasitarer natur beim trachom (On cell inclusions of a parasitic nature in trachoma). Arb K Gesundh Amt 1907; 26: 44\u201347.","journal-title":"Arb K Gesundh Amt"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR33","first-page":"429","volume":"75","author":"FF T\u2019ang","year":"1957","unstructured":"T\u2019ang FF, Chang HL, Huang YT, Wang KC . Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo. Chin Med J 1957; 75: 429\u2013447.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-118-29841","volume":"118","author":"FB Gordon","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gordon FB, Quan AL . Isolation of the trachoma agent in cell culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1965; 118: 354\u2013359.","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050170078026","volume":"104","author":"MC Wilson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wilson MC, Millan-Velasco F, Tielsch JM, Taylor HR . Direct-smear fluorescent antibody cytology as a field diagnostic tool for trachoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 688\u2013690.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.18.3.539-545.1983","volume":"18","author":"HD Caldwell","year":"1983","unstructured":"Caldwell HD, Schachter J . Immunoassay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18: 539\u2013545.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR37","first-page":"1823","volume":"30","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1989","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Rapoza PA, West S, Johnson S, Mu\u00f1oz B, Katala S et al. The epidemiology of infection in trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30: 1823\u20131833.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.8.1593-1595.1991","volume":"29","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1991","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Siler JA, Mkocha HA, Mu\u00f1oz B, Velez V, DeJong L et al. The microbiology of endemic trachoma\u2014a longitudinal study. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 1593\u20131595.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(89)90003-5","volume":"12","author":"D Dean","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dean D, Pant CR, O\u2019Hanley P . Improved sensitivity of a modified polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA probe in comparison with serial tissue culture passage for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival specimens from Nepal. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 12: 133\u2013137.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.099150","volume":"91","author":"JL Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang JL, Schachter J, Moncada J, Habte D, Zerihun M, House JI et al. Comparison of an rRNA-based and DNA-based nucleic acid amplification test for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 293\u2013295.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13909-8","volume":"362","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, West SK, Alexander NDE, Aguirre A et al. Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 2003; 362: 198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004","volume":"17","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Solomon AW, Peeling RW, Foster A, Mabey DCW . Diagnosis and assessment of trachoma. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 982\u20131011.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580490514577","volume":"11","author":"K Miller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miller K, Schmidt G, Alemayehu W, Yi E, Cevallos V, Donnellan C et al. How reliable is the clinical exam in detecting ocular chlamydial infection. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2004; 11: 255\u2013262.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70306-6","volume":"6","author":"HR Wright","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wright HR, Taylor HR . Clinical examination and laboratory tests for estimation of trachoma prevalence in remote settings. Lancet 2006; 6: 7\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR45","first-page":"461","volume":"77","author":"K Baral","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baral K, Osaki S, Shreshta B, Panta CR, Boulter A, Pang F et al. Reliability of clinical diagnosis in identifying infectious trachoma in a low-prevalence area of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77: 461\u2013466.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR46","first-page":"157","volume":"4","author":"C Nicolle","year":"1913","unstructured":"Nicolle C, Cuenod A, Baizot L . Etude experimentale du trachome. Arch Instit Pasteur de Tunis 1913; 4: 157\u2013182.","journal-title":"Arch Instit Pasteur de Tunis"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1967.00980030343015","volume":"78","author":"CR Dawson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Dawson CR, Wood TR, Rose L, Hanna L, Thygeson P . Experimental inclusion conjunctivitis in man. III. Keratitis and other complications. Arch Ophthalmol 1967; 78: 341\u2013349.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)90343-3","volume":"50","author":"P Thygeson","year":"1960","unstructured":"Thygeson P, Dawson C, Hanna L, Jawetz E, Okumoto M . Observations on experimental trachoma in monkeys produced by strains of viruses propagated in yolk sac. Am J Ophthalmol 1960; 50: 907\u2013918.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)94095-0","volume":"63","author":"S-P Wang","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wang S-P, Grayston JT . Pannus with experimental trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis agent infection of Taiwan monkeys. Am J Ophthalmol 1967; 63: 1133\u20131145.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-106-26515","volume":"106","author":"CR Dawson","year":"1961","unstructured":"Dawson CR, Jawetz E, Thygeson P, Hanna L . Trachoma viruses isolated in the United States. 4. Infectivity and immunogenicity for monkeys. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1961; 106: 898\u2013902.","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR51","first-page":"507","volume":"23","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1982","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Johnson SL, Prendergast RA, Schachter J, Dawson CR, Silverstein AM . An animal model of trachoma II. The importance of repeated reinfection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982; 23: 507\u2013519.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1962.00960030655015","volume":"68","author":"Y Mitsui","year":"1962","unstructured":"Mitsui Y, Higai H, Kitamuro T . Free toxic substance of trachoma virus. Arch Ophthalmol 1962; 68: 651\u2013653.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754","volume":"282","author":"RS Stephens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stephens RS, Kalman S, Lammel C, Fan J, Marathe R, Aravind L et al. Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of human: Chlamydia trachomatis. Science 1998; 282: 754\u2013759.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.55.1.93-98.1987","volume":"55","author":"HD Caldwell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Caldwell HD, Stewart S, Johnson S, Taylor H . Tear and serum antibody response to Chlamydia trachomatis antigens during acute chlamydial conjunctivitis in monkeys as determined by immunoblotting. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 93\u201398.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.9.3023","volume":"138","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1987","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Johnson SL, Schachter J, Caldwell HD, Prendergast RA . Pathogenesis of trachoma: the stimulus for inflammation. J Immunol 1987; 138: 3023\u20133027.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.9.3061-3063.1990","volume":"58","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Maclean IW, Brunham RC, Pal S, Whittum-Hudson J . Chlamydial heat\u2013shock proteins and trachoma. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 3061\u20133063.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.10.2977-2983.1989","volume":"57","author":"JA Whittum-Hudson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Whittum-Hudson JA, Taylor HR . Antichlamydial specificity of conjunctival lymphocytes during experimental ocular infection. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 2977\u20132983.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR58","first-page":"171","volume":"3","author":"S Pal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pal S, Pu Z, Huneke RB, Taylor HR, Whittum-Hudson JA . Chlamydia-specific lymphocytes in conjunctiva during ocular infection: Limiting dilution analysis. Reg Immunol 1991; 3: 171\u2013176.","journal-title":"Reg Immunol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR59","volume-title":"Chlamydia: Genomics and Pathogenesis","author":"PM Bavoil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bavoil PM, Wyrick PB (eds). Chlamydia: Genomics and Pathogenesis. Horizon Bioscience: Norfolk, UK, 2006."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.1.87","volume":"132","author":"JT Grayston","year":"1975","unstructured":"Grayston JT, Wang S . New knowledge of Chlamydiae and the diseases they cause. J Infect Dis 1975; 132: 87\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR61","volume-title":"Trachoma Prevention and Treatment","author":"G Bietti","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bietti G, Werner GH . Trachoma Prevention and Treatment. Charles C Thomas: Springfield, Illinois, 1967."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR62","first-page":"913","volume":"83","author":"S Polack","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polack S, Brooker S, Kuper H, Mariotti S, Mabey D, Foster A . Mapping the global distribution of trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 913\u2013919.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR63","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Trachoma and Related Disorders Caused by Chlamydial Agents","author":"RL Nichols","year":"1971","unstructured":"Nichols RL, Von Fritzinger K, McComb DE . Epidemiological data derived from immunotyping of 338 trachoma strains isolated from children in Saudi Arabia. In: Nichols RL (ed.) Trachoma and Related Disorders Caused by Chlamydial Agents. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam, 1971, pp 337\u2013357."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.552","volume":"46","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Siler JA, Mkocha HA, Mu\u00f1oz B, West S . The natural history of endemic trachoma: a longitudinal study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 46: 552\u2013559.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.11.813","volume":"78","author":"RL Bailey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bailey RL, Hayes L, Pickett M, Whittle HC, Ward ME, Mabey DCW . Molecular epidemiology of trachoma in a Gambian village. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 813\u2013817.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1086\/514151","volume":"176","author":"LD Bobo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bobo LD, Novak N, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Quinn TC, West S . Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 1524\u20131530.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR67","first-page":"2057","volume":"23","author":"J Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang J, Lietman TM, Olinger L, Miao Y, Stephens RS . Genetic diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis and the prevalence of trachoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 2057\u20132060.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0326","volume":"47","author":"AT Broman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Broman AT, Shum K, Munoz B, Duncan DD, West SK . Spatial clustering of ocular chlamydial infection over time following treatment, among households in a village in Tanzania. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 99\u2013104.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)94123-2","volume":"63","author":"RL Nichols","year":"1967","unstructured":"Nichols RL, Bobb AA, Haddad NA, McComb DE . Immunofluorescent studies of the microbiologic epidemiology of trachoma in Saudi Arabia. Am J Ophthalmol 1967; 63: 1372\u20131408.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR70","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health. Fourteenth Report of the Memorial Ophthalmic Laboratory 1939\u20131944. Ministry of Public Health: Giza, Cairo, 1945."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR71","unstructured":"Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists: Sydney, 1980."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR72","first-page":"16","volume":"95","author":"BR Jones","year":"1975","unstructured":"Jones BR . The prevention of blindness from trachoma (Bowman Lecture). Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1975; 95: 16\u201333.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67529-0","volume":"366","author":"SK West","year":"2005","unstructured":"West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Holland MJ, Aguirre A, Solomon AW et al. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis after mass treatment of a trachoma hyperendemic community in Tanzania: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1296\u20131300.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008659","volume":"143","author":"SK West","year":"1996","unstructured":"West SK, Munoz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Mmbaga BBO, Taylor HR . Risk factors for constant, severe trachoma in pre-school children in Kongwa, Tanzania. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 73\u201378.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.8.2.137.4158","volume":"8","author":"SK West","year":"2001","unstructured":"West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Hsieh YH, Lynch MC . Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2001; 8: 137\u2013144.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR76","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Expert Committee on Trachoma, (third report). WHO: Geneva, 1962."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR77","first-page":"559","volume":"63","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1985","unstructured":"Taylor HR, Millan-Velasco F, Sommer A . The ecology of trachoma: an epidemiological study of trachoma in Southern Mexico. Bull World Health Organ 1985; 63: 559\u2013567.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.393","volume":"38","author":"JM Tielsch","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tielsch JM, West Jr KP, Katz J, Keyvan-Larijani E, Tizazu T, Schwab L et al. The epidemiology of trachoma in southern Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38: 393\u2013399.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020903037","volume":"107","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1989","unstructured":"Taylor HR, West SK, Mmbaga BBO, Katala SJ, Turner V, Lynch M et al. Hygiene factors and increased risk of trachoma in Central Tanzania. Arch Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 1821\u20131825.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.6.322","volume":"75","author":"P Courtright","year":"1991","unstructured":"Courtright P, Sheppard J, Lane S, Sadek A, Schachter J, Dawson CR . Latrine ownership as a protective factor in inflammatory trachoma in Egypt. Br J Ophthalmol 1991; 75: 322\u2013325.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.1.169","volume":"21","author":"EJA Luna","year":"1992","unstructured":"Luna EJA, Medina NH, Oliveira MB, De Barros OMD, Vranjac A, Melles HHB et al. Epidemiology of trachoma in Bebedouro State of Sao Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence and risk factors. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21: 169\u2013177.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.12.1037","volume":"80","author":"J Katz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Katz J, West KP, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Pradhan EK, Thapa MD et al. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma in Sarlahi district, Nepal. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 1037\u20131041.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR83","first-page":"36","volume":"95","author":"T Sahlu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sahlu T, Larson C . The prevalence and environmental risk factors for moderate and severe trachoma in southern Ethiopia. J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 95: 36\u201341.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.194","volume":"31","author":"J-F Schemann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schemann J-F, Sacko D, Malvy D, Momo G, Traore L, Bore O et al. Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 194\u2013201.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90025-3","volume":"97","author":"JF Schemann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schemann JF, Guinot C, Ilboudo L, Momo G, Ko B, Sanfo O et al. Trachoma, flies and environmental factors in Burkina Faso. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003; 97: 63\u201368.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.011","volume":"99","author":"P Cumberland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cumberland P, Hailu G, Todd J . Active trachoma in children aged three to nine years in rural communities in Ethiopia: prevalence, indicators and risk factors. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99: 120\u2013127.","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.06.029","volume":"100","author":"M Faye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faye M, Kuper H, Dineen BP, Bailey R . Rapid assessment for prioritisation of trachoma control at community level in one district of the Kaolack region, Senegal. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100: 149\u2013157.","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600611427","volume":"13","author":"MM Mesfin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mesfin MM, de la Camera J, Tareke IG, Amanual G, Araya T, Kedir AM . A community-based trachoma survey: prevalence and risk factors in the Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006; 13: 173\u2013181.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.099507","volume":"91","author":"A Abdou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abdou A, Nassirou B, Kadri B, Moussa F, Munoz BE, Opong E et al. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 13\u201317.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR90","first-page":"148","volume":"16","author":"MA Sorsby","year":"1939","unstructured":"Sorsby MA . Trachoma in Great Britain. Rev Int Trach 1939; 16: 148\u2013155.","journal-title":"Rev Int Trach"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133776","volume":"12","author":"S West","year":"1988","unstructured":"West S, Taylor HR . Community based intervention programs for trachoma control. Int Ophthalmol 1988; 12: 19\u201323.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR92","volume-title":"Trachoma","author":"AF MacCallan","year":"1936","unstructured":"MacCallan AF . Trachoma. Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd: London, 1936."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90129-G","volume":"31","author":"AP McCauley","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCauley AP, Lynch M, Pounds MB, West S . Changing water-use patterns in a water-poor area: lessons for a trachoma intervention project. Soc Sci Med 1990; 31: 1233\u20131238.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1991.11747518","volume":"11","author":"DCW Mabey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mabey DCW, Downes RM, Downes B, Bailey RL, Dunn DT . The impact of medical services on trachoma in a Gambian village: antibiotics alone are not the answer. Ann Trop Paediatrics 1991; 11: 295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatrics"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR95","volume-title":"Achieving Community Support for Trachoma Control","author":"V Francis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Francis V, Turner V . Achieving Community Support for Trachoma Control. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1993. Report no.: WHO\/PBL\/93.36."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR96","volume-title":"Trichiasis Surgery for Trachoma\u2014the Bilamellar Tarsal Rotation Procedure","author":"M Reacher","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reacher M, Foster A, Huber J . Trichiasis Surgery for Trachoma\u2014the Bilamellar Tarsal Rotation Procedure. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1993. Report no.: WHO\/PBL\/93.29."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iop.0000203494.49446.60","volume":"22","author":"E El Toukhy","year":"2006","unstructured":"El Toukhy E, Lewallen S, Courtright P . Routine bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasis: short-term outcome and factors associated with surgical failure. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 22: 109\u2013112.","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.037","volume":"112","author":"SL Merbs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Merbs SL, West SK, West ES . Pattern of recurrence of trachomatous trichiasis after surgery. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 705\u2013709.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR99","unstructured":"\u3008 http:\/\/www.who.int\/blindness\/publications\/get2020\/en\/index.html .\u3009. Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma, Cairo, 2\u20134 April, 2007; accessed June 2008."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.3.309","volume":"124","author":"SK West","year":"2006","unstructured":"West SK, West ES, Alemayehu W, Melese M, Munoz B, Imeru A et al. Single-dose azithromycin prevents trichiasis recurrence following surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 309\u2013314.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.093104","volume":"90","author":"H Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang H, Kandel RP, Atakari HK, Dean D . Impact of oral azithromycin on recurrence of trachmatous trichiasis in Nepal over 1 year. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 943\u2013948.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00605.x","volume":"5","author":"RJ Bowman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bowman RJ, Soma OS, Alexander N, Milligan P, Rowley J, Faal H et al. Should trichiasis surgery be offered in the village? A community-randomised controlled trial of village vs community health center-basd surgery. Trop Med Int Health 2000; 5: 528\u2013533.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.103374","volume":"91","author":"M Mahande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mahande M, Tharaney M, Kirumbi E, Ngirawamungu E, Geneau R, Tapert L et al. Uptake of trichiasis surgical services in Tanzania through two village-based approaches. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 139\u2013142.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.041657","volume":"88","author":"S West","year":"2004","unstructured":"West S, Nguyen MP, Mkocha H, Holdsworth G, Ngirwamungu E, Kilima P et al. Gender equity and trichaisis surgery in the Vietnam and Tanzania national trachoma control programmes. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1368\u20131371.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR105","first-page":"803","volume":"71","author":"P Courtright","year":"1994","unstructured":"Courtright P . Acceptance of surgery for trichiasis among rural Malawian women. East Afr Med J 1994; 71: 803\u2013804.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580500473803","volume":"13","author":"U Dhaliwal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dhaliwal U, Nagpal G, Bhatia MS . Health-related quality of life in patients with trachomatous trichiasis or Entropion. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006; 13: 59\u201366.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.3.193","volume":"56","author":"E Rees","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rees E, Tait IA, Hobson D, Karayiannis P, Lee N . Persistence of chlamydial infection after treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 193\u2013198.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR108","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"KA , Workowski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM . Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55: 1\u201394.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-8579(95)00009-W","volume":"5","author":"IM Hoepelman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hoepelman IM, Schneider MME . Azithromycin: the first of the tissue-selective azalides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1995; 5: 145\u2013167.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209243271304","volume":"327","author":"DH Martin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu ZA, McCarty J, Jones RB, Hopkins SJ et al. A controlled trial of a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 921\u2013925.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabey D, Fraser-Hurt N, Powell C . Antibiotics for Trachoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD001860.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001860.pub2"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/341414","volume":"35","author":"AM Fry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fry AM, Jha HC, Lietman TM, Chaudhary JSP, Bhatta RC, Elliott J et al. Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 395\u2013402.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200205000-00005","volume":"21","author":"TM Shelby-James","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shelby-James TM, Leach AJ, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ, Mathews JD . Impact of single dose azithromycin on group A streptococci in the upper respiratory tract and skin of Aboriginal children. Ped Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 375\u2013380.","journal-title":"Ped Infect Dis J"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-6-18","volume":"6","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sarkar M, Woodland C, Koren G, Einarson ARN . Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to azithromycin. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2006; 6: 18.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0706263","volume":"358","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Solomon AW, Harding-Esch E, Alexander NDE, Aguirre A, Holland MJ, Bailey RL et al. Two doses of azithromycin to eliminate trachoma in a Tanzanian community. N Eng J Med 2008; 358: 1870\u20131871.","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90167-1","volume":"345","author":"S West","year":"1995","unstructured":"West S, Mu\u00f1oz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Chilangwa Z, Mmbaga BBO et al. Impact of face-washing on trachoma in Kongwa Tanzania. Lancet 1995; 345: 155\u2013158.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.008","volume":"113","author":"T Edwards","year":"2006","unstructured":"Edwards T, Cumberland P, Hailu G, Todd J . Impact of health education on active trachoma in hyperendemic rural communities in Ethiopia. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 548\u2013555.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69202-7","volume":"368","author":"J Ngondi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ngondi J, Onsarigo A, Matthews F, Reacher M, Brayne C, Baba S et al. Effect of 3 years of SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental change) strategy for trachoma control in southern Sudan: a cross sectional study. Lancet 2006; 368: 589\u2013595.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15891-1","volume":"363","author":"PM Emerson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba S, Faal HB et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 1093\u20131098.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69203-9","volume":"368","author":"SK West","year":"2006","unstructured":"West SK, Emerson PM, Mkocha H, Mchiwa W, Munoz B, Bailey R et al. Intensive insecticide spraying for fly control after mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma in a hyperendemic setting: a randomised trial. Lancet 2006; 368: 596\u2013600.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600718974","volume":"13","author":"WF Astle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Astle WF, Wiafe B, Ingram AD, Mwanga M, Glassco CB . Trachoma control in southern Zambia\u2014an international team project employing the SAFE strategy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006; 13: 227\u2013236.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05065.x","volume":"178","author":"DP Ewald","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ewald DP, Hall GV, Franks CC . An evaluation of a SAFE-style trachoma control program in Central Australia. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 65\u201368.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR123","volume-title":"Primary Health Care Approach to Trachoma Control in Aboriginal Communities in Central Australia [PhD]","author":"VC Lansingh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lansingh VC . Primary Health Care Approach to Trachoma Control in Aboriginal Communities in Central Australia [PhD]. University of Melbourne: Melbourne, 2005."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR124","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of the Ninth Meeting of the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma. WHO: Geneva 21\u201323 March 2005. Report no.: WHO\/PBD\/GET\/05.1."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR125","unstructured":"\u3008 http:\/\/www.un.org\/milleniumgoals\/ \u3009. UN Millennium Goals; 2005, accessed on September 2006."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.5_suppl_1.0690001","volume":"69","author":"KD Frick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frick KD, Hanson CL, Jacobson GA . Global burden of trachoma and economics of the disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69: 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.12.1839","volume":"119","author":"KD Frick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frick KD, Melia M, Buhrmann RB, West SK . Trichiasis and disability in a trachoma-endemic area of Tanzania. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 1839\u20131844.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580590932761","volume":"12","author":"RM Baltussen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baltussen RM, Sylla M, Frick KD, Mariotti SP . Cost-effectiveness of trachoma control in seven world regions. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005; 12: 91\u2013101.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR129","first-page":"201","volume":"79","author":"KD Frick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frick KD, Lietman TM, Holm SO, Jha HC, Chaudary JSP, Bhatta RC . Cost-effectiveness of trachoma control measures: comparing targeted household treatment and mass treatment of children. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79: 201\u2013207.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR130","unstructured":"\u3008 http:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/ \u3009. World Health Organization, accessed June 2008."},{"key":"#cr-split#-BFeye2008432_CR131.1","unstructured":"13. \u3008 http:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/pfizer\/history\/1998.jsp \u3009. Exploring Our History. 1951-1999. 1998-Trachoma"},{"key":"#cr-split#-BFeye2008432_CR131.2","unstructured":"14. 2006, accessed September 2006.."},{"key":"BFeye2008432_CR132","first-page":"230","volume":"II","author":"MM Sidky","year":"1949","unstructured":"Sidky MM, Freyce MS . World distribution and prevalence of trachoma in recent years. Epidem Vital Stat Rep 1949; II: 230\u2013277.","journal-title":"Epidem Vital Stat Rep"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2008432.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2008432","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2008432.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T04:13:22Z","timestamp":1684901602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2008432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BFeye2008432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2008.432","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]]}}}