{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T01:11:10Z","timestamp":1774746670684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]],"date-time":"2008-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.86","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]],"date-time":"2008-04-04T10:06:54Z","timestamp":1207303614000},"page":"761-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The evolving role of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Dadgostar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFeye200886_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.15.1900","volume":"291","author":"NM Bressler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bressler NM . Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness. JAMA 2004; 291: 1900\u20131901.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1053\/sonc.2002.37264","volume":"29","author":"N Ferrara","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferrara N . Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. Semin Oncol 2002; 29: 10\u201314.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.05.061","volume":"142","author":"PK Kaiser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaiser PK . Antivascular endothelial growth factor agents and their development: therapeutic implications in ocular diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 660\u2013668.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0027","volume":"25","author":"N Ferrara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferrara N . Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 581\u2013611.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2479986","volume":"246","author":"DW Leung","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N . Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 1989; 246: 1306\u20131309.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021244","volume":"196","author":"JA Nagy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nagy JA, Vasile E, Feng D, Sundberg C, Brown LF, Detmar MJ et al. Vascular permeability factor\/vascular endothelial growth factor induces lymphangiogenesis as well as angiogenesis. J Exp Med 2002; 196: 1497\u20131506.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR7","first-page":"1929","volume":"37","author":"A Kvanta","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kvanta A, Algvere PV, Berglin L, Seregard S . Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 1929\u20131934.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.4.363","volume":"80","author":"JA Wells","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wells JA, Murthy R, Chibber R, Nunn A, Molinatti PA, Kohner EM et al. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in the vitreous of patients with subretinal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 363\u2013366.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20556","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.32.20556","volume":"273","author":"J Ruckman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ruckman J, Green LS, Beeson J, Waugh S, Gillette WL, Henninger DD et al. 2\u2032-Fluoropyrimidine RNA-based aptamers to the 165-amino acid form of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165). Inhibition of receptor binding and VEGF-induced vascular permeability through interactions requiring the exon 7-encoded domain. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 20556\u201320567.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR10","first-page":"1508","volume":"113","author":"U Chakravarthy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chakravarthy U, Adamis AP, Cunningham Jr ET, Goldbaum M, Guyer DR, Katz B et al. Year 2 efficacy results of 2 randomized controlled clinical trials of pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 1508 e1\u201325.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.02.027","volume":"113","author":"DJ D\u2019Amico","year":"2006","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico DJ, Masonson HN, Patel M, Adamis AP, Cunningham Jr ET, Guyer DR et al. Pegaptanib sodium for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year safety results of the two prospective, multicenter, controlled clinical trials. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 992\u20131001 e6.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042760","volume":"351","author":"ES Gragoudas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham Jr ET, Feinsod M, Guyer DR . Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2805\u20132816.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199209023937","volume":"7","author":"KJ Kim","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kim KJ, Li B, Houck K, Winer J, Ferrara N . The vascular endothelial growth factor proteins: identification of biologically relevant regions by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Growth Factors 1992; 7: 53\u201364.","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3192","volume":"293","author":"Y Chen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wiesmann C, Fuh G, Li B, Christinger HW, McKay P et al. Selection and analysis of an optimized anti-VEGF antibody: crystal structure of an affinity-matured Fab in complex with antigen. J Mol Biol 1999; 293: 865\u2013881.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.043","volume":"112","author":"PJ Rosenfeld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rosenfeld PJ, Schwartz SD, Blumenkranz MS, Miller JW, Haller JA, Reimann JD et al. Maximum tolerated dose of a humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody fragment for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1048\u20131053.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054481","volume":"355","author":"PJ Rosenfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1419\u20131431.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062655","volume":"355","author":"DM Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, Soubrane G, Heier JS, Kim RY et al. Ranibizumab vs verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1432\u20131444.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR18","unstructured":"Preliminary phase I\/II data show Lucentis in combination with Visudyne maintained or improved vision in approximately 90 percent of patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. http:\/\/www.gene.com\/gene\/news\/press-releases\/display.do?method=detail&id=8467&categoryid=32005 ."},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000244722.35073.7c","volume":"26","author":"WR Freeman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freeman WR, Falkenstein I . Avastin and new treatments for AMD: where are we? Retina 2006; 26: 853\u2013858.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.116616","volume":"91","author":"J Raftery","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raftery J, Clegg A, Jones J, Tan SC, Lotery A . Ranibizumab (Lucentis) vs bevacizumab (Avastin): modelling cost effectiveness. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 1244\u20131246.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.10.004","volume":"143","author":"CY Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen CY, Wong TY, Heriot WJ . Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a short-term study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 510\u2013512.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000238561.99283.0e","volume":"26","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Laud K, Fine HF, Klancnik Jr JM, Meyerle CB, Yannuzzi LA et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006; 26: 383\u2013390.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0471-7","volume":"245","author":"S Aisenbrey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aisenbrey S, Ziemssen F, Volker M, Gelisken F, Szurman P, Jaissle G et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 941\u2013948.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.11.019","volume":"113","author":"RL Avery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Avery RL, Pieramici DJ, Rabena MD, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Giust MJ . Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 363\u2013372 e5.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000249574.89437.40","volume":"27","author":"E Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen E, Kaiser RS, Vander JF . Intravitreal bevacizumab for refractory pigment epithelial detachment with occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2007; 27: 445\u2013450.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000225766.75009.3a","volume":"26","author":"RM Rich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rich RM, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Dubovy SR, Davis JL, Flynn Jr HW et al. Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006; 26: 495\u2013511.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31804b3e15","volume":"27","author":"MV Emerson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Emerson MV, Lauer AK, Flaxel CJ, Wilson DJ, Francis PJ, Stout JT et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2007; 27: 439\u2013444.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0601","volume":"46","author":"J Gaudreault","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gaudreault J, Fei D, Rusit J, Suboc P, Shiu V . Preclinical pharmacokinetics of Ranibizumab (rhuFabV2) after a single intravitreal administration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 726\u2013733.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0660-z","volume":"246","author":"L Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu L, Martinez-Castellanos MA, Quiroz-Mercado H, Arevalo JF, Berrocal MH, Farah ME et al. Twelve-month safety of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (Avastin(R)): results of the Pan-American collaborative retina study group (PACORES). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 246: 81\u201387.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.099598","volume":"90","author":"AE Fung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fung AE, Rosenfeld PJ, Reichel E . The International Intravitreal Bevacizumab Safety Survey: using the internet to assess drug safety worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 1344\u20131349.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm086","volume":"99","author":"FA Scappaticci","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scappaticci FA, Skillings JR, Holden SN, Gerber HP, Miller K, Kabbinavar F et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1232\u20131239.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530701543024","volume":"22","author":"RM Dafer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dafer RM, Schneck M, Friberg TR, Jay WM . Intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab: a review of risk. Semin Ophthalmol 2007; 22: 201\u2013204.","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.09.017","volume":"114","author":"SL Alexander","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alexander SL, Linde-Zwirble WT, Werther W, Depperschmidt EE, Wilson LJ, Palanki R et al. Annual rates of arterial thromboembolic events in Medicare neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 2174\u20132178.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR34","unstructured":"Preliminary results from a phase IIIb study showed patients with wet AMD treated with Lucentis quarterly experienced a 16-letter benefit over the control group at one year. http:\/\/www.gene.com\/gene\/news\/press-releases\/display.do?method=detail&id=9747&categoryid=42006 ."},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR35","unstructured":"Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, Lawani GA, Michels S, Venkatraman AS, Puliafito CA . Visual acuity outcomes following a variable-dosing regimen for ranibizumab (Lucentis) in neovascular AMD: The PrONTO study. Presented at Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology; Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2 May 2006."},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR36","unstructured":"Puliafito CA . An OCT-guided variable dosing regimen with ranibizumab (Lucentis) in neovascular AMD: two year results of the PrONTO study. Presented at Annual Advanced Vitreoretinal Techniques and Technology Conference; Chicago, IL; 8 September 2007."},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR37","first-page":"361","volume":"19","author":"PJ Rosenfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosenfeld PJ, Rich RM, Lalwani GA . Ranibizumab: phase III clinical trial results. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2006; 19: 361\u2013372.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3180323de7","volume":"27","author":"AJ Augustin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Augustin AJ, Puls S, Offermann I . Triple therapy for choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration: verteporfin PDT, bevacizumab, and dexamethasone. Retina 2007; 27: 133\u2013140.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.448","volume":"123","author":"M Azab","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azab M, Boyer DS, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Cihelkova I, Hao Y et al. Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal minimally classic choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: 2-year results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 448\u2013457.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.09.009","volume":"111","author":"MS Clarke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clarke MS . Anecortave acetate. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 2316; author reply 2316\u20132317.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye200886_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.08.020","volume":"110","author":"DJ D\u2019Amico","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico DJ, Goldberg MF, Hudson H, Jerdan JA, Krueger DS, Luna SP et al. Anecortave acetate as monotherapy for treatment of subfoveal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: twelve-month clinical outcomes. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 2372\u20132383; discussion 2384\u20132385.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye200886.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye200886","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye200886.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:07:21Z","timestamp":1684429641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye200886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFeye200886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2008.86","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]}}}