{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:39:59Z","timestamp":1791175199506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T05:45:05Z","timestamp":1322804705000},"page":"185-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["Contact lens-related microbial keratitis: how have epidemiology and genetics helped us with pathogenesis and prophylaxis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Carnt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020547007","volume":"101","author":"DC Musch","year":"1983","unstructured":"Musch DC, Sugar A, Meyer RF . Demographic and predisposing factors in corneal ulceration. Arch Ophthalmol 1983; 101: 1545\u20131548.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91231-I","volume":"338","author":"JKG Dart","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dart JKG, Stapleton F, Minassian D . Contact lenses and other risk factors in microbial keratitis. Lancet 1991; 338: 650\u2013654.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90250-6","volume":"106","author":"AI Miedziak","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miedziak AI, Miller MR, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR, Cohen EJ . Risk factors in microbial keratitis leading to penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1166\u20131170.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.9.1103","volume":"87","author":"T Wong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong T, Ormonde S, Gamble G, McGhee CNJ . Severe infective keratitis leading to hospital admission in New Zealand. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 1103\u20131108.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.7.834","volume":"87","author":"T Bourcier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bourcier T, Thomas F, Borderie V, Chaumeil C, Laroche L . Bacterial keratitis: predisposing factors, clinical and microbiological review of 300 cases. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 834\u2013839.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.001","volume":"137","author":"CF Fong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fong CF, Tseng CH, Hu FR, Wang IJ, Chen WL, Hou YC . Clinical characteristics of microbial keratitis in a university hospital in Taiwan. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 329\u2013336.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.08.013","volume":"113","author":"L Keay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keay L, Edwards K, Naduvilath T, Taylor HR, Snibson GR, Forde K et al. Microbial keratitis: predisposing factors and morbidity. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 109\u2013116.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909213211201","volume":"321","author":"OD Schein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schein OD, Glynn RJ, Poggio EC, Seddon JM, Kenyon KR . The relative risk of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft contact lenses. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 773\u2013778.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09385-4","volume":"354","author":"K Cheng","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cheng K, Leung D, Hoekman H, Beekhuis WH, Mulder PG, Geerards AJ et al. Incidence of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity. Lancet 1999; 354: 181\u2013184.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700151","volume":"16","author":"DSC Lam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lam DSC, Houang E, Fan DSP, Lyon D, Seal D, Wong E . Incidence and risk factors for microbial keratitis in Hong Kong: comparison with Europe and North America. Eye 2002; 16: 608\u2013618.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.002","volume":"115","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Keay L, Edwards K, Naduvilath T, Dart JKG, Brian G et al. The incidence of contact lens related microbial keratitis. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1655\u20131662.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR12","first-page":"204","volume":"19","author":"F Stapleton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Dart JKG, Minassian D . Risk factors in contact lens related suppurative keratitis. CLAO J 1993; 19: 204\u2013210.","journal-title":"CLAO J"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.11.1272","volume":"82","author":"CF Radford","year":"1998","unstructured":"Radford CF, Minassian DC, Dart JKG . Disposable contact lens use as a risk factor for microbial keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 1272\u20131275.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.05.003","volume":"115","author":"JKG Dart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dart JKG, Radford CF, Minassian D, Verma S, Stapleton F . Risk factors for microbial keratitis with contemporary contact lenses: a case-control study. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1647\u20131654.e3.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0133","volume":"46","author":"PB Morgan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morgan PB, Efron N, Brennan NA, Hill EA, Raynor MK, Tullo AB . Risk factors for the development of corneal infiltrative events associated with contact lens wear. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 3136\u20133143.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909213211202","volume":"321","author":"EC Poggio","year":"1989","unstructured":"Poggio EC, Glynn RJ, Schein OD, Seddon JM, Shannon MJ, Scardino VA et al. The incidence of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft contact lenses. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 779\u2013783.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181ae1b69","volume":"86","author":"L Keay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keay L, Edwards K, Stapleton F . Signs, symptoms and co-morbidities in contact lens related microbial keratitis. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 803\u2013809.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFeye2011288_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.10.004","volume":"34","author":"Nicole Carnt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carnt N, Keay L, Willcox M, Evans V, Stapleton F . Higher risk-taking propensity of contact lens wearers is associated with less compliance. Contact Lens Ant Eye 2010 doi:10.1016\/j.clae.2010.10.004.","journal-title":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0564","volume":"47","author":"L Keay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keay L, Edwards K, Naduvilath T, Forde K, Stapleton F . Factors affecting the morbidity of contact lens related microbial keratitis: a population study. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2006; 47: 4302\u20134308.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR20","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Naduvilath T, Keay L, Radford C, Dart JKG, Edwards K et al. Risk factors for microbial keratitis in daily disposable contact lens wear. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: e-abstract 1305."},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR21","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Edwards K, Keay L, Naduvilath T, Dart J, Brian G et al. Severe keratitis in daily contact lens use. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: e-abstract 4853."},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181e19eda","volume":"87","author":"M Willcox","year":"2010","unstructured":"Willcox M, Carnt N, Diec J, Naduvilath T, Evans V, Stapleton F et al. Contact lens case contamination during daily wear of silicone hydrogels. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87: 456\u2013464.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(81)90649-8","volume":"92","author":"LA Wilson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wilson LA, Schlitzer RL, Ahearn DG . Pseudomonas corneal ulcers associated with soft contact-lens wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1981; 92: 546\u2013554.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90210-2","volume":"102","author":"BJ Mondino","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mondino BJ, Weissman BA, Farb DM, Pettit TH . Corneal ulcers associated with daily-wear and extended-wear and extended-wear contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 102: 58\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.8.1398-1400.1987","volume":"25","author":"MS Mayo","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mayo MS, Schlitzer RL, Ward MA, Wilson LA, Ahearn DG . Association of pseudomonas and serratia corneal ulcers with use of contaminated solutions. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 1398\u20131400.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052109","volume":"114","author":"F Stapleton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Dart JKG, Seal DV, Matheson M . Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in contact lens wearers. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 114: 395\u2013402.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR27","unstructured":"Wiley L, McAllister M, Wiley LA, Elliot T, Bridge D, Odom J . Bacterial biofilm diversity: association with disease severity in contact lens related keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: e-abstract 6508."},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett HG, Hay J, Devonshire P, Seal DV, Kirkness CM . Antimicrobial treatment of presumed microbial keratitis: guidelines for treatment of central and periopheral ulcers. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 137\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.2.137"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75075-5","volume":"90","author":"TJ Liesegang","year":"1980","unstructured":"Liesegang TJ, Forster RK . Spectrum of microbial keratitis in South Florida. Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 90: 38\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90180-4","volume":"95","author":"E Houang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Houang E, Lam D, Fan D, Seal D . Microbial keratitis in Hong Kong: relationship to climate, environment and contact lens disinfection. Transact R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95: 361\u2013367.","journal-title":"Transact R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.53051","volume":"57","author":"U Gopinathan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gopinathan U, Sharma S, Garg P, Rao GN . Review of epidemiological features, microbiological diagnosis and treatment outcome of microbial keratitis. Ind J Ophthalmol 2009; 57: 273\u2013279.","journal-title":"Ind J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030711025","volume":"102","author":"PG Galentine","year":"1984","unstructured":"Galentine PG, Cohen EJ, Laibson PR, Adams CP, Michaud R, Arentsen JJ . Corneal ulcers associated with contact lens wear. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 891\u2013894.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90641-0","volume":"101","author":"E Alfonso","year":"1986","unstructured":"Alfonso E, Mandelbaum S, Fox MJ, Forster RK . Ulcerative keratitis associated with contact lens wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 101: 429\u2013433.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-198912000-00011","volume":"8","author":"OD Schein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schein OD, Ormerod LD, Barraquer E, Alfonso E, Egan KM, Paton BG et al. Microbiology of contact lens-related keratitis. Cornea 1989; 8: 281\u2013285.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000027291","volume":"212","author":"A-G Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wang A-G, Wu C-C, Liu J-H . Bacterial corneal ulcer: a multivariate study. Ophthalmologica 1998; 212: 126\u2013132.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.06.037","volume":"144","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Keay LJ, Sanfilippo PG, Katiyar S, Edwards KP, Naduvilath T . Relationship between climate, disease severity, and causative organism for contact lens associated microbial keratitis in Australia. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 690\u2013698.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.12.1387","volume":"82","author":"C Radford","year":"1998","unstructured":"Radford C, Lehmann O, Dart J . Acanthamoeba keratitis: multicentre survey in England 1992\u20131996. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 1387\u20131392.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180439c3e","volume":"84","author":"M Willcox","year":"2007","unstructured":"Willcox M . Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and inflammation during contact lens wear: a review. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84: 273\u2013278.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181d20cae","volume":"2","author":"LB Szczotka-Flynn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Szczotka-Flynn LB, Pearlman E, Ghannoum M . Microbial contamination of contact lenses, lens care solutions and their accessories. Eye Contact Lens 2010; 2: 116\u2013129.","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1998.00418.x","volume":"84","author":"L McLaughlin-Borlace","year":"1998","unstructured":"McLaughlin-Borlace L, Stapleton F, Matheson M, Dart JKG . Bacterial biofilm on contact lenses and lens storage cases in wearers with microbial keratitis. J Appl Microbiol 1998; 84: 827\u2013838.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181a81835","volume":"28","author":"LB Szczotka-Flynn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Szczotka-Flynn LB, Imamura Y, Chandra J, Yu C, Mukherjee PK, Pearlman E et al. Increased resistance of contact lens-related bacterial biofilms to antimicrobial activity of soft contact lens care solutions. Cornea 2009; 28: 918\u2013926.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1477-1486.2001","volume":"39","author":"C Lakkis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lakkis C, Fleiszig SMJ . Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to hydrogel contact lens disinfection correlates with cytotoxic activity. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1477\u20131486.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01278-2","volume":"109","author":"HD Cavanagh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cavanagh HD, Ladage PM, Li SL, Yamamoto K, Molai M, Ren DH . Effects of daily and overnight wear of a novel hyper oxygen-transmissible soft contact lens on bacterial binding and corneal epithelium: a 13-month clinical trial. Ophthalmol 2002; 109: 1957\u20131969.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2861-2867.1997","volume":"65","author":"SM Fleiszig","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fleiszig SM, Evans DJ, Do N, Vallas V, Shin S, Mostov KE . Epithelial cell polarity affects susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa invasion and cytotoxicity. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 2861\u20132867.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2006.10.001","volume":"30","author":"DM Robertson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Robertson DM, Petroll WM, Jester JV, Cavanagh HD . Current concepts: contact lens related pseudomonas keratitis. Contact Lens Ant Eye 2007; 30: 94\u2013107.","journal-title":"Contact Lens Ant Eye"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR46","first-page":"2813","volume":"42","author":"J Paugh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paugh J, Stapleton F, Keay L, Ho A . Tear exchange under hydrogel lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2001; 42: 2813\u20132820.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10254-004-0031-7","volume":"152","author":"JT Barbieri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barbieri JT, Sun J . Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS and ExoT. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 152: 79\u201392.","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04194.x","volume":"53","author":"H Sato","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sato H, Frank DW . ExoU is a potent intracellular phospholipase. Mol Microbiol 2004; 53: 1279\u20131290.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-10-2659","volume":"147","author":"H Feltman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feltman H, Schulert G, Khan S, Jain M, Peterson L, Hauser AR . Prevalence of type III secretion genes in clinical and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology 2001; 147: 2659\u20132669.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/003723-0","volume":"57","author":"MH Choy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Choy MH, Stapleton F, Willcox MDP, Zhu H . Comparison of virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from contact lens- and non-contact lens-related keratitis. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57: 1539\u20131546.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359","volume":"20","author":"CAJ Janeway","year":"2002","unstructured":"Janeway CAJ, Medzhitov R . Innate immune recognition. Ann Rev Immunol 2002; 20: 197\u2013216.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819ff137","volume":"37","author":"JL Veesenmeyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Veesenmeyer JL, Hauser AR, Lisboa T, Rello J . Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and therapy: evolving translational strategies. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 1777\u20131786.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.24.2867","volume":"295","author":"WB Khor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khor WB, Aung T, Saw SM, Wong TY, Tambyah PA, Tan AL et al. An outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with contact lens wear. JAMA 2006; 295: 2867\u20132873.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.04.025","volume":"142","author":"E Alfonso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alfonso E, Miller D, Cantu-diboildox J, O\u2019Brien TP, Schein OD . Fungal keratitis associated with non-therapeutic soft contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 154\u2013155.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.953","volume":"296","author":"DC Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang DC, Grant GB, O\u2019Donnell K, Wannemuehler KA, Noble-Wang J, Rao CY et al. Multistate outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution. JAMA 2006; 296: 953\u2013963.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.5.611","volume":"125","author":"SM Saw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saw SM, Ooi P-L, Tan DTH, Khor WB, Fong CW, Lim J et al. Risk factors for contact lens-related Fusarium keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 611\u2013617.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.11.1493","volume":"126","author":"JD Bullock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bullock JD, Warwar RE, Elder BL, Northern WI . Temperature instability of ReNu with MoistureLoc: a new theory to explain the worldwide Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004\u20132006. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1493\u20131498.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000245556.46738.14","volume":"32","author":"B Levy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levy B, Heiler D, Norton S . Report on testing from an investigation of Fusarium keratitis in contact lens wearers. Eye Contact Lens 2006; 32: 256\u2013261.","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.02.010","volume":"34","author":"S Kilvington","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kilvington S, Powell CH, Lam A, Lonnen J . Antimicrobial efficacy of multi-purpose contact lens disinfectant solutions following evaporation. Contact Lens Ant Eye 2011; 34: 183\u2013187.","journal-title":"Contact Lens Ant Eye"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.048","volume":"117","author":"EW Gower","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gower EW, Keay LJ, Oechsler RA, Iovieno A, Alfonso EC, Jones DB et al. Trends in fungal keratitis in the United States, 2001 to 2007. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 2263\u20132267.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.04.034","volume":"142","author":"CE Joslin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joslin CE, Tu EY, McMahon TT, Passaro DJ, Stayner LT, Sugar J . Epidemiological characteristics of a Chicago-area Acanthamoeba keratitis outbreak. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 212\u2013217.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31805b7e63","volume":"26","author":"N Thebpatiphat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thebpatiphat N, Hammersmith KM, Rocha FN, Rapuano CJ, Ayres BD, Laibson PR et al. Acanthamoeba keratitis - a parasite on the rise. Cornea 2007; 26: 701\u2013706.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.02.030","volume":"148","author":"YM Por","year":"2009","unstructured":"Por YM, Mehta JS, Chua JLL, Koh TH, Khor WB, Fong AC et al. Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with contact lens wear in Singapore. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148: 7\u201312.e2.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.05.029","volume":"144","author":"CE Joslin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joslin CE, Tu EY, Shoff ME, Booton GC, Fuerst PA, McMahon TT et al. The association of contact lens solution use and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 169\u2013180.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.0902251","volume":"15","author":"JR Verani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Verani JR, Lorick SA, Yoder JS, Beach MJ, Braden CR, Roberts JM et al. National outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: 1236\u20131242.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.06.045","volume":"150","author":"EY Tu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tu EY, Joslin CE . Recent outbreaks of atypical contact lens-related keratitis: what have we learned? Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 150: 602\u2013608.e2.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2008.11.006","volume":"20","author":"AJ Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith AJ, Humphries SE . Cytokine and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms and their functionality. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20: 43\u201359.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR68","first-page":"805","volume":"41","author":"LD Hazlett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hazlett LD, McClellan S, Kwon B, Barrett R . Increased severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection in strains of mice designated as Th1 vs Th2 responsive. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2000; 41: 805\u2013810.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.018","volume":"88","author":"S Keijser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keijser S, Kurreeman FA, de Keizer RJ, Dogterom-Ballering H, van der Lelij A, Jager MJ et al. IL-10 promotor haplotypes associated with susceptibility to and severity of bacterial corneal ulcers. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88: 1124\u20131128.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnt N, Willcox M, Hau S et al. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of Interleukin 1 Beta and Interleukin 6 and susceptibility and severity of keratitis amongst contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 2011 e-abstract.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.031"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2629","volume":"102","author":"D Fishman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Humphries S et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1369\u20131376.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2497-2502.1999","volume":"67","author":"N Cole","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cole N, Bao S, Willcox M, Husband AJ . Expression of interleukin-6 in the cornea in response to infection with different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 2497\u20132502.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0340","volume":"47","author":"EB Hume","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hume EB, Cole N, Garthwaite LL, Khan S, Willcox MD . A protective role for IL-6 in staphylococcal microbial keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2006; 47: 4926\u20134930.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(99)80003-4","volume":"22","author":"DV Seal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Seal DV, Kirkness CM, Bennett HGB, Peterson M . Population-based cohort study of microbial keratitis in Scotland: incidence and features. Contact Lens Ant Eye 1999; 22: 49\u201357.","journal-title":"Contact Lens Ant Eye"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.052688","volume":"89","author":"PB Morgan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morgan PB, Efron N, Raynor MK, Whiting MA, Tullo AB . Incidence of keratitis of varying severity among contact lens wearers. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 430\u2013436.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR76","first-page":"225","volume":"20","author":"SE Nilsson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nilsson SE, Montan PG . The annualized incidence of contact lens induced keratitis in Sweden and its relation to lens type and wear schedule: results of a 3-month prospective study. CLAO J 1994; 20: 225\u2013230.","journal-title":"CLAO J"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.09.014","volume":"112","author":"OD Schein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schein OD, McNally JJ, Katz J, Chalmers RL, Tielsch JM, Alfonso E et al. The incidence of microbial keratitis among wearers of a 30 day silicone extended wear contact lens. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 2172\u20132179.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011288_CR78","first-page":"257","volume":"84","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Keay L, Jalbert I, Cole N . The epidemiology of contact lens related corneal infiltrates. Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 84: 257\u2013272.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011288.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011288","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011288.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T19:25:48Z","timestamp":1757100348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFeye2011288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2011.288","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The Vision CRC and Brien Holden Vision Institute receive a royalty on the sales of certain contact lenses.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}