{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:05:36Z","timestamp":1776470736556,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]],"date-time":"2011-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]],"date-time":"2011-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]],"date-time":"2011-12-09T06:50:21Z","timestamp":1323413421000},"page":"228-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["What is causing the corneal ulcer? Management strategies for unresponsive corneal ulceration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Amescua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E C","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"BFeye2011316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74496-4","volume":"114","author":"JS Pepose","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pepose JS, Wilhelmus KR . Divergent approaches to the management of corneal ulcers. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 114 (5): 630\u2013632.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"BFeye2011316_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.144","volume":"128","author":"BH Jeng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeng BH, Gritz DC, Kumar AB . Epidemiology of ulcerative keratitis in Northern California. Arch Ophthalmol 2010; 128 (8): 1022\u20131028.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFeye2011316_CR3","first-page":"17","volume":"53","author":"SK Basak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Basak SK, Basak S, Mohanta A, Bhowmick A . Epidemiological and microbiological diagnosis of suppurative keratitis in Gangetic West Bengal, eastern India Indian. J Ophthalmol 2005; 53 (1): 17\u201322.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFeye2011316_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)00963-6","volume":"109","author":"KR Wilhelmus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wilhelmus KR . Indecision about corticosteroids for bacterial keratitis: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 2002; 109 (5): 835\u2013842.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09385-4","volume":"354","author":"KH Cheng","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cheng KH, Leung SL, Hoekman HW, Beekhuis WH, Mulder PG, Geerards AJ et al. Incidence of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity. Lancet 1999; 354: 181\u2013185.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFeye2011316_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iio.0000212139.62428.e6","volume":"46","author":"TP O\u2019Brien","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien TP . Evidence based review of moxifloxacin. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2006 Fall 46 (4): 61\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000207","volume":"20","author":"B Chawla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chawla B, Agarwal P, Tandon R, Titiyal JS, Sharma N, Agarwal T et al. In vitro susceptibility of bacterial keratitis isolates to fourth-generation fluoroquinolones. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010; 20 (2): 300\u2013305.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74479-4","volume":"114","author":"PJ McDonnel","year":"1992","unstructured":"McDonnel PJ, Nobe J, Gauderman WJ, Lee P, Aiello A, Trousdale M . Community care of corneal ulcers. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 114: 531\u2013538.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xv","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-06387-6.00006-4","volume-title":"Cornea","author":"Jay H Krachmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ . Cornea: Fundamentals, Diagnosis and Treatment, vol. 1, 3rd edn. Mosby-Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA; pp 936\u2013938."},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32833a8e23","volume":"21","author":"N Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma N, Sachdev R, Jhanji V, Titiyal JS, Vajpayee RB . Therapeutic keratoplasty for microbial keratatis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010; 21: 293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00449-3","volume":"129","author":"G Alexandrakis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alexandrakis G, Haimovici R, Miller D, Alfonso EA . Corneal biopsy in the management of pregressive microbial keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129: 571\u2013576.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR12","unstructured":"Buchser NM, Dubovy SR, Miller D . Detection of organisms by microbiology vs. histopathology in corneal biopsy and penetrating keratoplasty specimens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: E-abstract 5119."},{"issue":"4","key":"BFeye2011316_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"DB Jones","year":"1973","unstructured":"Jones DB . Early diagnosis and therapy of bacterial corneal ulcers. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1973 Winter 13 (4): 1\u201329.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.12.002","volume":"111","author":"SC Kaufman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaufman SC, Musch DC, Belin MW, Cohen EJ, Meisler DM, Reinhart WJ et al. Confocal microscopy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2004; 111 (2): 396\u2013406.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"BFeye2011316_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)99034-0","volume":"105","author":"JG Ford","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ford JG, Huang AJ, Pflugfelder SC, Alfonso EC, Forster RK, Miller D . Mycobacterial keratitis in South Florida. Ophthalmology 1998; 105 (9): 1652\u20131658.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.315","volume":"130","author":"Muthiah Srinivasan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srinivasan M, Mascarenhas J, Rajaraman R, Ravindran M, Lalitha P, Glidden DV et al. Corticosteroids for Bacterial Keratitis: the Steroids for Corneal Ulcers Trial (SCUT). Arch Ophthalmol 2011; e-pub ahead of print 10 October 2011; doi:10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.315.","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"BFeye2011316_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.004","volume":"118","author":"PP Thompson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson PP, Kowalski RP . A 13-year retrospective review of polymerase chain reaction testing for infectious agents from ocular samples. Ophthalmology 2011; 118 (7): 1449\u20131453.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1592","volume":"49","author":"SAR Martins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martins SAR, Combs JC, Noguera G, Camacho W, Wittmann P, Walther R et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of riboflavin\/UVA combination (365 n). In vitro for bacterial and fungal isolates: a potential new treatment for infectious keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 3402\u20133408.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFeye2011316_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318169d698","volume":"27","author":"HP Iseli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iseli HP, Thiel AM, Hafezi F, Kampmeier J, Seiler T . Ultraviolet A\/riboflavin corneal cross-linking for infectious keratitis associated with corneal melts. Cornea 2008; 27 (5): 590\u2013594.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900221","volume":"19","author":"T Micelli Ferrari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Micelli Ferrari T, Leozappa M, Lorusso M . Escherichia coli keratitis treated with ultraviolet A\/riboflavin corneal cross-linking: a case report. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19 (2): 295\u2013297.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200403000-00009","volume":"23","author":"FB Marangon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marangon FB, Miller D, Alfonso EC . Impact of prior therapy on the recovery and frequency of corneal pathogens. Cornea 2004; 23 (2): 158\u2013164.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR22","first-page":"3115","volume":"50","author":"R Ventura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ventura R, Miller D, Alfonso E . Laboratory update on microbial keratitis in South Florida. ARVO Meeting Abstr 2009; 50: 3115.","journal-title":"ARVO Meeting Abstr"},{"key":"BFeye2011316_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0785-8","volume":"246","author":"SH Yoo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoo SH, Kymionis GD, O\u2019Brien TP, Ide T, Culbertson W, Alfonso EC . Femtosecond-assisted diagnostic corneal biopsy (FAB) in keratitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246: 759\u2013762.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2008.0096","volume":"25","author":"SX Deng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deng SX, Kamal KM, Hollander DA . The use of voriconazol in the management of post-penetrating keratoplasty Paecilomyces keratitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 25 (2): 175\u2013177.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFeye2011316_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2010.498657","volume":"18","author":"CA Utine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Utine CA, Stern M, Akpek EK . Clinical Review: topical ophthalmic use of cyclosporine A. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2010; 18 (5): 352\u2013361.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"11","key":"BFeye2011316_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30010-4","volume":"104","author":"RC Rodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rodman RC, Spisak S, Sugar A . The utility of culturing corneal ulcer in the tertiary referral center verus a general ophthalmology clinic. Ophthalmology 1997; 104 (11): 1897\u20131901.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFeye2011316_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.2.111.15949","volume":"27","author":"JS Saini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saini JS, Jain AK, Kumar S, Vikal S, Pankaj S, Singh S . Neural network approach to classify infective keratitis. Curr Eye Res 2003; 27 (2): 111\u2013116.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFeye2011316_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/09273970903234032","volume":"17","author":"A Chandna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chandna A, Fisher AC, Cunningham I, Stone D, Mitchell M . Pattern recognition of vertical strabismus using an artificial neural network (StrabNet). Strabismus 2009; 17 (4): 131\u2013138.","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFeye2011316_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31802b34e4","volume":"16","author":"D Bizios","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bizios D, Heijl A, Bengtsson B . Trained artificial neural network for glaucoma diagnosis using visual field data: a comparison with conventional algorithms. J Glaucoma 2007; 16 (1): 20\u201328.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"9","key":"BFeye2011316_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.04.008","volume":"112","author":"I Kaiserman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaiserman I, Rosner M, Peer J . Forcasting the prognosis of choroidal melanoma with an artificial neural network. Ophthalmology 2005; 112 (9): 1608.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011316","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:05:36Z","timestamp":1757091936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/eye2011316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFeye2011316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2011.316","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}