{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T23:10:10Z","timestamp":1747177810827,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]],"date-time":"2014-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hypertens Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2014.164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]],"date-time":"2014-12-04T07:12:57Z","timestamp":1417677177000},"page":"199-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential effectiveness of ARB plus CCB therapy and high-dose ARB therapy in high-risk elderly hypertensive patients: Subanalysis of the OSCAR study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"38","author":[{"name":"for the OSCAR Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shokei","family":"Kim-Mitsuyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisao","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomio","family":"Jinnouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Jinnouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kikuo","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01434-0","volume":"52","author":"S Kim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim S, Iwao H . Molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiotensin II-mediated cardiovascular and renal diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 11\u201334.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16451-9","volume":"363","author":"S Julius","year":"2004","unstructured":"Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A . Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 2022\u20132031.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032292","volume":"349","author":"MA Pfeffer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Kober L, Maggioni AP, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Van de Werf F, White H, Leimberger JD, Henis M, Edwards S, Zelenkofske S, Sellers MA, Califf RM . Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893\u20131906.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14282-1","volume":"362","author":"MA Pfeffer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Yusuf S, Pocock S . Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759\u2013766.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","volume":"345","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I . Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851\u2013860.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011489","volume":"345","author":"HH Parving","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P . The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870\u2013878.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328277596e","volume":"25","author":"NK Hollenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hollenberg NK, Parving HH, Viberti G, Remuzzi G, Ritter S, Zelenkofske S, Kandra A, Daley WL, Rocha R . Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1921\u20131926.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61913-9","volume":"374","author":"MA Konstam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Konstam MA, Neaton JD, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Komajda M, Martinez FA, Riegger GA, Malbecq W, Smith RD, Guptha S, Poole-Wilson PA . Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 1840\u20131848.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806182","volume":"359","author":"K Jamerson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlof B, Pitt B, Shi V, Hester A, Gupte J, Gatlin M, Velazquez EJ . ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2417\u20132428.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1001410","volume":"363","author":"KA Jamerson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jamerson KA, Bakris GL, Weber MA . 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in the ACCOMPLISH trial. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 98.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.159939","volume":"57","author":"KA Jamerson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jamerson KA, Devereux R, Bakris GL, Dahlof B, Pitt B, Velazquez EJ, Weir M, Kelly RY, Hua TA, Hester A, Weber MA . Efficacy and duration of benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide on 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure control. Hypertension 2011; 57: 174\u2013179.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.80","volume":"37","author":"K Shimamoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, Hasebe N, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ishimitsu T, Ito M, Ito S, Itoh H, Iwao H, Kai H, Kario K, Kashihara N, Kawano Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Kimura G, Kohara K, Komuro I, Kumagai H, Matsuura H, Miura K, Morishita R, Naruse M, Node K, Ohya Y, Rakugi H, Saito I, Saitoh S, Shimada K, Shimosawa T, Suzuki H, Tamura K, Tanahashi N, Tsuchihashi T, Uchiyama M, Ueda S, Umemura S . Japanese Society of Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for the Management of H. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res 2014; 37: 253\u2013387.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2013.812549","volume":"22","author":"G Mancia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, B\u00f6hm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F . Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology. 2013 ESH\/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. Blood Press 2013; 22: 193\u2013278.","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.046","volume":"56","author":"MA Weber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weber MA, Bakris GL, Jamerson K, Weir M, Kjeldsen SE, Devereux RB, Velazquez EJ, Dahlof B, Kelly RY, Hua TA, Hester A, Pitt B . ACCOMPLISH Investigators. Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 77\u201385.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.326","volume":"83","author":"S Kim-Mitsuyama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim-Mitsuyama S, Ogawa H, Matsui K, Jinnouchi T, Jinnouchi H, Arakawa K . An angiotensin II receptor blocker-calcium channel blocker combination prevents cardiovascular events in elderly high-risk hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease better than high-dose angiotensin II receptor blockade alone. Kidney Int 2013; 83: 167\u2013176.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2009.60","volume":"32","author":"H Ogawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ogawa H, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Jinnouchi T, Matsui K, Arakawa K . Rationale, design and patient baseline characteristics of OlmeSartan and calcium antagonists randomized (OSCAR) study: a study comparing the incidence of cardiovascular events between high-dose angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) monotherapy and combination therapy of ARB with calcium channel blocker in Japanese elderly high-risk hypertensive patients (ClinicalTrials. gov no. NCT00134160). Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 575\u2013580.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.12.010","volume":"125","author":"H Ogawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogawa H, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Matsui K, Jinnouchi T, Jinnouchi H, Arakawa K, OlmeSartan, Calcium Antagonists Randomized Study G. Angiotensin II receptor blocker-based therapy in Japanese elderly, high-risk, hypertensive patients. Am J Med 2012; 125: 981\u2013990.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.034","volume":"53","author":"S Matsuo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M, Yasuda Y, Tomita K, Nitta K, Yamagata K, Tomino Y, Yokoyama H, Hishida A . Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 982\u2013992.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031","volume":"351","author":"AS Go","year":"2004","unstructured":"Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY . Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296\u20131305.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000284","volume":"69","author":"F Irie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Irie F, Iso H, Sairenchi T, Fukasawa N, Yamagishi K, Ikehara S, Kanashiki M, Saito Y, Ota H, Nose T . The relationships of proteinuria, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate with cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese general population. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1264\u20131271.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02663-3","volume":"41","author":"G Manjunath","year":"2003","unstructured":"Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Ibrahim H, MacLeod B, Salem DN, Griffith JL, Coresh J, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ . Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 47\u201355.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00838.x","volume":"63","author":"G Manjunath","year":"2003","unstructured":"Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Coresh J, Macleod B, Salem DN, Griffith JL, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ . Level of kidney function as a risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in the elderly. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1121\u20131129.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V122218","volume":"12","author":"LM Ruilope","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K, Hansson L, Warnold I, Wedel H, Zanchetti A . Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 218\u2013225.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.63","volume":"36","author":"H Rakugi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Umemoto S, Matsuzaki M, Matsuoka H, Shimada K, Higaki J, Ito S, Kamiya A, Suzuki H, Ohashi Y, Shimamoto K, Saruta T . Combination Therapy of Hypertension to Prevent Cardiovascular Events Trial G. Combination therapy for hypertension in patients with CKD: a subanalysis of the Combination Therapy of Hypertension to Prevent Cardiovascular Events trial. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 947\u2013958.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR25","first-page":"S1","volume":"39","author":"National Kidney Foundation","year":"2002","unstructured":"National Kidney Foundation. K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1\u2013266.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","volume":"130","author":"AS Levey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D . A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 461\u2013470.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60309-1","volume":"375","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rothwell PM . Limitations of the usual blood-pressure hypothesis and importance of variability, instability, and episodic hypertension. Lancet 2010; 375: 938\u2013948.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60308-X","volume":"375","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O'Brien E, Dobson JE, Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR . Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet 2010; 375: 895\u2013905.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60235-8","volume":"375","author":"AJ Webb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webb AJ, Fischer U, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM . Effects of antihypertensive-drug class on interindividual variation in blood pressure and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 906\u2013915.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.051","volume":"46","author":"H Abuissa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abuissa H, Jones PG, Marso SP, O'Keefe JH Jr . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 821\u2013826.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000141736.76561.78","volume":"110","author":"A Prasad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prasad A, Quyyumi AA . Renin-angiotensin system and angiotensin receptor blockers in the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2004; 110: 1507\u20131512.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000031732.78052.81","volume":"106","author":"HL Hillege","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, van Gilst WH, de Zeeuw D, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gans RO, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, de Jong PE, Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study Group. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002; 106: 1777\u20131782.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000154082.72286.2a","volume":"45","author":"H Ibsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Borch-Johnsen K, Lindholm LH, Mogensen CE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wan Y . Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension 2005; 45: 198\u2013202.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"BFhr2014164_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-11-200312020-00008","volume":"139","author":"K Wachtell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wachtell K, Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Borch-Johnsen K, Lindholm LH, Mogensen CE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristianson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Okin PM, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Snapinn SM, Aurup P . Albuminuria and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 901\u2013906.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Hypertension Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/hr2014164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/hr2014164","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/hr2014164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T22:57:27Z","timestamp":1747177047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/hr2014164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFhr2014164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/hr.2014.164","relation":{},"ISSN":["0916-9636","1348-4214"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0916-9636"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1348-4214"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2014","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2014","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2014","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama has received consultancy or lecture fees\/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Novartis, Takeda and Shionogi, and received research grants from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Novartis, Takeda, Shionogi and Mochida. Hisao Ogawa has received research grant from the Japan Heart Foundation for this study, has received consultancy or lecture fees\/honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Kowa, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Schering-Plough and Takeda, and has received research grants from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kowa, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Otsuka, Chugai, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dainippon Sumitomo and Takeda. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}